KPM India |We are electrical test equipment manufacturers, We deal in CT PT Analyzer, Relay Test Kit , Tan delta , Transformer Test Kits , LA Testers etc.|test |https://kpmtek.wixsite.com/website/es/about-1 Heading 1 Heading 2 Heading 3 Heading 4 I'm a paragraph. Click here to add your own text and edit me. It's easy. I'm a paragraph. Click here to add your own text and edit me. It's easy. Maximum ROI

KPM capacitive voltage divider is used for HV measurement in Partial Discharge Testing and High Voltage Testing| KPM's Capacitive Voltage Dividers are rugged , accurate and of high quality . |https://www.kpmtek.com/capacitive-voltage-divider Divisor de voltaje capacitivo (no PD)

Our test equipment covers various applications such as relay testing, circuit breaker testing, CT/PT Testing, Earth Testing, Partial Discharge Testing, Transformer Testing, Energy Meter Testing, Li Ion Battery Testing, Utility Battery Testing. SOLUCIONES PARA PRUEBAS DE SISTEMAS DE POTENCIA Cable LA Meter TRF Relay Machine Battery Testing GIS Circuit Breaker Tap Changer Monitor Testing EV Partial dischage CT/PT Earth testing

Advanced lightning arrester test kits by KPM for precise leakage current measurement, condition monitoring, and surge protection testing. KIT DE PRUEBA PARA PARARRAYOS ( LCM ) Probador de pararrayos monofásico en línea (con medición de voltaje y corriente) Catálogo El probador de pararrayos de KPM (KPM LA-100+) es el instrumento especial que se utiliza para detectar las propiedades eléctricas de los pararrayos (LA/MOSA). KPM LA-100+ is capable of testing LA en línea usando la medición de LA Fuga de corriente y resultados de línea más confiables directamente como voltaje PT CEI. Características del producto of Lightning Arrester Tester (KPM LA-100+) Pantalla LCD de pantalla grande, menú de usuario en inglés, fácil de usar. Utilice técnicas de muestreo de precisión y análisis armónico de Fourier para obtener datos fiables. Mide la corriente resistiva del tercer armónico, Corriente resistiva total, Corriente de fuga total,_cc781905-5cde-3194-bb3b-136_bad5cf58d en ángulo Batería recargable, reloj de calendario, microimpresora incorporada, puede almacenar 120 datos de medición de grupo Online 3 Ph LA Tester (con sensor E inalámbrico y medición de corriente) Catálogo KPM's Probador trifásico de pararrayos(KPM LA-103+) es el instrumento especial que se utilizará para detectar las propiedades eléctricas de los pararrayos (LA/MOSA). KPM LA-103+ is capable of testing LA en línea utilizando seis métodos principales según IEC: 1. Pantalla LCD de pantalla grande, operación de menú en inglés completo, fácil de usar. 2 Usando circuitos de muestreo y procesamiento de alta precisión, técnicas avanzadas de análisis armónico de Fourier para hacer que los datos sean confiables. 3. El instrumento utiliza señales de voltaje y corriente capturadas e ingresadas directamente por un sensor digital de aislamiento magnético de alta velocidad único para garantizar la confiabilidad y seguridad de los datos. 4. Este equipo puede usar un campo eléctrico inducido o un método de transmisión inalámbrica en lugar del cableado secundario PT. 5. El instrumento no necesita conectar PT secundario y puede medir la corriente resistiva directamente. 6. Hay seis métodos de prueba, que brindan muchas opciones para la persona en el sitio. ( PT método secundario, método de inducción, método de transmisión inalámbrica, un método de sincronización de corriente única, método de sincronización secundaria pt) Online 3 Ph LA Tester (con sensor E inalámbrico y medición de corriente) Catálogo KPM's Probador trifásico de pararrayos(KPM LA-103+) es el instrumento especial que se utilizará para detectar las propiedades eléctricas de los pararrayos (LA/MOSA). KPM LA-103+ is capable of testing LA en línea utilizando seis métodos principales según IEC: 1. Pantalla LCD de pantalla grande, operación de menú en inglés completo, fácil de usar. 2 Usando circuitos de muestreo y procesamiento de alta precisión, técnicas avanzadas de análisis armónico de Fourier para hacer que los datos sean confiables. 3. El instrumento utiliza señales de voltaje y corriente capturadas e ingresadas directamente por un sensor digital de aislamiento magnético de alta velocidad único para garantizar la confiabilidad y seguridad de los datos. 4. Este equipo puede usar un campo eléctrico inducido o un método de transmisión inalámbrica en lugar del cableado secundario PT. 5. El instrumento no necesita conectar PT secundario y puede medir la corriente resistiva directamente. 6. Hay seis métodos de prueba, que brindan muchas opciones para la persona en el sitio. ( PT método secundario, método de inducción, método de transmisión inalámbrica, un método de sincronización de corriente única, método de sincronización secundaria pt) Prueba teórica de pararrayos Theory - LA Tester Pararrayos – Teoría Un pararrayos es un dispositivo utilizado en sistemas de energía eléctrica y sistemas de telecomunicaciones para proteger el aislamiento. y conductores del sistema de los efectos dañinos de los rayos. El pararrayos típico tiene una terminal de alto voltaje y una terminal de tierra. Cuando una sobretensión de rayo (o sobretensión de conmutación) viaja a lo largo de la línea de alimentación hasta el pararrayos, la corriente de la sobretensión se desvía a través del pararrayos, en la mayoría de los casos a tierra. Si la protección falla o está ausente, los rayos que golpean el sistema eléctrico introducen miles de kilovoltios que pueden dañar las líneas de transmisión y también pueden causar daños severos a los transformadores y otros dispositivos eléctricos o electrónicos. Los picos de voltaje extremo producidos por rayos en las líneas eléctricas entrantes también pueden dañar los electrodomésticos, por eso es crucial para la integridad de Lightning Arrester. En la actualidad, muchas empresas de servicios públicos utilizan el control de la corriente de fuga total (corrientes capacitivas y resistivas). Los monitores de corriente de fuga se utilizan para medir la corriente de fuga de los pararrayos y, en caso de corriente de fuga alta, se reemplazan los pararrayos. Sin embargo, se considera que este método no es el método infalible ya que la corriente de fuga total, que es puramente capacitiva, no significa precisamente la salud de los pararrayos. Ha habido casos en los que los supresores de sobretensiones explotaron a pesar de que el valor total de la corriente de fuga estaba por debajo del límite prescrito por los fabricantes. La corriente resistiva es del 15 al 30% de la corriente total y dado que las corrientes capacitivas y resistivas tienen un cambio de cara de 90 grados, incluso un cambio considerable de la corriente resistiva da como resultado un aumento muy pequeño en la corriente total. Por lo tanto, monitorear la corriente de fuga total puede no indicar realmente la degradación del disco de ZnO. La degradación del disco de ZnO lineal largo generalmente conduce a armónicos en la corriente de fuga cuando se aplica voltaje del sistema de frecuencia fundamental. La medición de la corriente resistiva del tercer armónico se basa en el filtrado del componente del tercer armónico de la corriente de fuga total. La corriente de fuga del orden de unos 500 microamperios se considera generalmente segura. La parte resistiva de la corriente de fuga o la pérdida de potencia se puede determinar mediante varios métodos que se indican a continuación: Usando una señal de voltaje como referencia Compensación del componente capacitivo mediante el uso de una señal de voltaje Compensación capacitiva combinando la corriente de fuga de las tres fases Análisis armónico de tercer orden Determinación directa de las pérdidas de potencia Análisis de armónicos de tercer orden con compensación de armónicos en la tensión Sistema de Monitoreo Avanzado con cálculo de componentes de “corriente resistiva”. El uso de métodos de diagnóstico avanzados reduce en gran medida las posibilidades de falla y, por lo tanto, evita pérdidas de personal y dinero. Por lo tanto, es deseable verificar el estado de los pararrayos a intervalos de tiempo regulares, midiendo el componente resistivo de la corriente de fuga continua en servicio sin desenergizar el pararrayos. Los instrumentos logran mediciones confiables basadas en el principio de "Señal de voltaje" como referencia. El monitoreo regular de LA ha evitado muchas fallas en subestaciones de 66 kV a 765 kV. Los valores de esta corriente normalmente van desde fracciones de miliamperios hasta unos pocos miliamperios, y se caracterizan por variaciones resistivas de corriente cuyo valor es un indicador del deterioro del Surge Pararster. El componente resistivo de esta corriente de fuga puede aumentar debido a diferentes tensiones que provocan el envejecimiento y finalmente provocan fallas en el descargador. Preguntas frecuentes (FAQ) FAQ about lightning arrester testing : 01 What is a lightning arrester, and why does it need testing? A lightning arrester (LA), also called a surge arrester, protects transformers, switchgear and lines from overvoltages caused by lightning and switching. It sits between the line and earth and, at normal voltage, passes only a tiny leakage current. When a surge arrives it conducts heavily for a moment, sends the surge to earth, then returns to its blocking state.An arrester can deteriorate for years without any visible sign. If it degrades far enough it can overheat and fail, sometimes violently, and it can take the equipment it was protecting with it. Testing finds a deteriorating arrester while there is still time to replace it at a planned outage. 02 Is there a difference between a lightning arrester and a surge arrester? In practice, no. "Lightning arrester" or "LA" is the everyday name in Indian substations, and "surge arrester" is the term used in IEC standards and by manufacturers. Both refer to the same device.Almost all arresters installed today are metal oxide surge arresters (MOSAs), built from a stack of zinc oxide (ZnO) blocks without spark gaps. Older gapped silicon carbide arresters still exist on some networks, but leakage current testing as described here is mainly used on metal oxide arresters. 03 What is thermal runaway in a surge arrester? Zinc oxide conducts more current as it gets hotter. In a healthy arrester the small heat produced at normal voltage escapes easily and the temperature stays stable.In a degraded arrester, more current flows, so more heat is produced. That heat raises the current further, which produces still more heat. If the heat produced outruns the heat the arrester can shed, the temperature climbs until the arrester fails. Rising resistive leakage current is the early sign that an arrester is moving towards this condition. 04 What is an LA tester? An LA tester, or lightning arrester tester, is an instrument for checking the condition of surge arresters. The most useful type for metal oxide arresters is the leakage current analyser: it measures the small current that flows through the arrester to earth at normal service voltage, and works out the resistive part of that current, which is the part that reveals deterioration.Because it works while the arrester stays energised, a leakage current analyser lets a utility check every arrester in a substation without any outage. 05 Why does a healthy lightning arrester leak current at all? A metal oxide arrester is connected between line and earth all the time. At normal operating voltage its zinc oxide blocks behave much like a capacitor, so a small current, usually of the order of a milliamp depending on the arrester's size, always flows to earth.That current has two parts:• A capacitive part, which leads the voltage by close to 90°. It is the larger part and does no harm.• A resistive part, in phase with the voltage. It is small in a healthy arrester and produces the heat.The two together make up the total leakage current.Picture filela-leakage-current-phasor-healthy-vs-aged.pngAlt textPhasor diagram of lightning arrester leakage current showing capacitive and resistive components for a healthy and an aged arresterCaptionTotal leakage current is the sum of a large capacitive part and a small resistive part. As the arrester ages, the resistive part grows. 06 Why is resistive leakage current more important than total leakage current? Because deterioration shows up in the resistive part. When an arrester ages or takes in moisture, its resistive current rises noticeably, while the capacitive current barely changes.The capacitive current is much larger, so it dominates the total. The total current can therefore look almost normal even when the resistive part has risen sharply. A test that reports only total current, like the milliamp meter on many surge counters, can miss a deteriorating arrester. A good LA tester separates out the resistive current. 07 What is the third harmonic method of lightning arrester testing? Zinc oxide is non-linear: its resistive current rises steeply near the peaks of the voltage. That makes the resistive current distorted rather than a clean sine wave, and the distortion appears mainly as a third harmonic (150 Hz on a 50 Hz system).The third harmonic method measures the third harmonic in the arrester's leakage current and uses it as an indicator of the resistive current. It is popular because it needs only a current measurement on the arrester's earth lead, with no voltage connection.Its weaknesses: the system voltage can contain third harmonic of its own, which also drives third harmonic current through the arrester and can push the reading too high or too low; and the relationship between third harmonic and resistive current depends on the arrester's design, so converting one to the other needs the manufacturer's data.Picture filela-leakage-current-waveforms.pngAlt textWaveforms of lightning arrester total leakage current and the distorted resistive current over one power cycleCaptionThe resistive current is small and distorted, peaking near the voltage peaks. That distortion produces third harmonic. 08 What is harmonic compensation in a surge arrester test, and why does it matter? Harmonic compensation corrects the measurement for harmonics present in the system voltage. To do it, the tester also measures a voltage reference, usually from the secondary of a nearby potential transformer (PT/VT). Knowing the actual voltage waveform, it can separate the resistive current caused by the arrester from current caused by distortion in the supply.Compensated measurements are more accurate and more repeatable than current-only measurements, especially in substations with significant harmonic distortion. They are the better choice for baseline readings and wherever the supply voltage carries significant harmonic distortion. 09 Can lightning arresters be tested without a shutdown? Yes. Leakage current testing is designed for energised arresters in normal service. The tester's current lead clips onto the arrester's earth lead or surge counter connection, at earth potential, using a hot stick. Any voltage reference comes from the low-voltage PT secondary or a field probe. Nothing connects to the high-voltage side.That is the main advantage of online testing: a whole substation can be checked in a day without any outage. 10 What is the difference between a surge counter and an KPM LA tester? A surge counter is fitted permanently in the arrester's earth lead and counts how many surges the arrester has discharged. Many also carry a milliamp meter showing total leakage current.An LA tester is a portable instrument that analyses the leakage current in detail, separating the resistive part, compensating for system harmonics and storing results.The surge counter's meter can warn of a large change, but because it shows total current it is not sensitive to early deterioration. Record the surge count with every LA test, so you can relate the arrester's condition to how many surges it has seen. 11 What conditions must an arrester meet for an online leakage current test? The arrester's leakage current has to flow to earth through one path you can measure. In practice:• The arrester stands on an insulated base (insulating feet or pedestal).• It is earthed through a single earth lead, often via a surge counter.An arrester bolted directly to an earthed structure, with no separate earth lead, leaks current to earth through the structure, and its leakage current cannot be measured this way.Picture filela-online-leakage-current-test-concept.pngAlt textConcept diagram of an online lightning arrester leakage current test with the arrester on an insulated base and a clamp on the earth leadCaptionOnline test concept: the arrester stands on an insulated base and its leakage current flows to earth through one lead, where the tester measures it. 12 What does the phase angle in a lightning arrester test tell you? The angle by which the leakage current leads the voltage shows how capacitive the current is. In a healthy arrester the current is almost entirely capacitive, so the angle is close to 90°. As the resistive part grows, the current moves towards being in phase with the voltage, and the angle falls.A falling angle on the same arrester over successive tests is another sign of rising resistive current. Read it alongside the resistive current itself. 13 Which standard applies to lightning arrester leakage current testing? IEC 60099-5, Surge arresters – Selection and application recommendations, gives guidance on monitoring and diagnosing metal oxide arresters in service, including leakage current measurement methods such as the third harmonic method and methods with harmonic compensation. Arrester design and type testing are covered by IEC 60099-4.When buying an LA tester, check that it uses the measurement methods described in IEC 60099-5.

KPM relay testing equipment with high current rating, precision & advanced software. Ideal for distance, differential, df/dt & protection relay testing. KIT DE PRUEBA DE RELÉ UNIVERSAL KF86 P , (6I, 6V y CEI 61850) 10Kg Blog de tecnología KF 86P es un kit de prueba de relé automático avanzado, potente y de alta precisión, ideal para todo tipo de aplicaciones de prueba de relés. Clasificación de alta potencia y clasificación de alta corriente Kit de prueba de relé ideal para probar relés electromecánicos High Buden Peso ligero y diseño de última generación (solo 10 kg) Software de última generación (con todas las funciones avanzadas) para probar relés numéricos Cumple con IEC61850-9-1, IEC61850-9-2, IEC60044-7/8, etc. (opcional) Características de hardware del kit de prueba de relé universal (KF86P): Six fuentes de voltaje de CA independientes de 0- 310 V a 105 VA cada una. Seis fuentes de corriente independientes de 0 - 35A a 425 VA cada una . Una fuente de CC auxiliar independiente de 14~ 300 V . Salidas analógicas de alta precisión de <0.15%rd + 0.05%rg,Guar. Adecuado para probar relés numéricos y electromecánicos Prueba de transductores y medidores de energía (opcional en el kit de prueba de relés) KFA 300 , (3I y 3U), 3 kg Blog de tecnología Proposición única: Kit de prueba de relés más ligero de < 3Kg con o/ps analógico Fuentes de corriente: 3 X 10 A Fuentes de voltaje: 3 X 265 V Pantalla y batería incorporadas Ideal para probar relés numéricos y estáticos Función de software Función de prueba de CA manual/automática Función de prueba de secuenciador de estado Función de probador de interruptor de sobrecorriente Función remota (señal, medición, control) Función de prueba de señal remota KFA 300 , (3I y 3U), 3 kg Blog de tecnología Proposición única: Kit de prueba de relés más ligero de < 3Kg con o/ps analógico Fuentes de corriente: 3 X 10 A Fuentes de voltaje: 3 X 265 V Pantalla y batería incorporadas Ideal para probar relés numéricos y estáticos Función de software Función de prueba de CA manual/automática Función de prueba de secuenciador de estado Función de probador de interruptor de sobrecorriente Función remota (señal, medición, control) Función de prueba de señal remota Kit de prueba de relés - K68I (3I y 4U) Blog de tecnología K68i es un potente y robusto kit de prueba de relés para pruebas semiautomáticas y manuales de relés. Características del hardware of Kit de prueba de relés K68i: Probador de relés de diseño todo en uno con pantalla LCD de 6,4 pulgadas. Cuatro fuentes de voltaje de CA independientes de 0 a 300 V a 110 VA cada una. Tres fuentes de corriente independientes de 0-35 A a 450 VA cada una. Una fuente de CC auxiliar independiente de 0 ~ 300 V/0,6 A. Salidas analógicas de alta precisión of <0.15%rd + 0.05%rg,Guar. Puerto compatible con proyector para formación y fines de estudio. Diseño resistente con codificador rotatorio de larga duración + teclado funcional. Características del software de Universal Relay Test Kit K68i: Capaz de probar la mayoría de los relés en modo manual o semiautomático - Relés de voltaje, relés de corriente, relés de frecuencia, relés de potencia, relés de impedancia, relés armónicos, relés de distancia, etc. Con función de auto-vivienda y detección de puesta a tierra Video Relay Test Kit Vídeos - Kits de prueba de relés Relay Test Kit Videos Relay Test Kit Videos Reproducir video Compartir Canal completo Este video Facebook Twitter Pinterest Tumblr Copiar Enlace Enlace copiado Search videos Buscar video... Ahora en reproducción KPM KFA320 00:35 Reproducir video Ahora en reproducción Random check on K3063i universal relay test kit with fluke 6.5 digit multimeter . 01:10 Reproducir video Ahora en reproducción KFA 300 , Lightest Relay Test Kit ( 3.5 KG ) 07:29 Reproducir video Teoría - Pruebas de relés Theory -Relay Test Kit Kit de prueba de relés: teoría El relé de protección es un dispositivo que mantiene los equipos del sistema de potencia y proporciona una salida en condiciones anormales para garantizar la protección del sistema. El objetivo básico del relé de protección es aislar la sección defectuosa en un sistema de potencia lo más rápido posible para que el resto del sistema funcione normalmente. Es necesario comprobar la seguridad, fiabilidad, calidad, sensibilidad y velocidad de los relés. Se recomiendan varias pruebas en las normas nacionales e internacionales para verificar la capacidad de resistencia de un relé durante condiciones de falla. Durante la prueba, el relé de protección se somete a condiciones de campo simuladas para comprobar su rendimiento. Los estándares nacionales e internacionales relevantes recomiendan muchas pruebas para determinar la efectividad de los relés para realizar su función prevista. Un relé recibe las señales de entrada de los CT/PT y su programa calcula las condiciones de falla según la aplicación. Emite un comando de disparo al disyuntor al detectar una condición defectuosa. Según la aplicación, el relé se puede clasificar en los siguientes tipos: Paso 1: El kit de prueba de relés inyecta la falla en forma de I y V en los respectivos puntos CT y PT del relé bajo prueba. El temporizador del kit de prueba de relés comienza iniciando la inyección fault. Paso 2: El relé detecta la falla y emite el comando de disparo, su tiempo de disparo debe depender de las características de tiempo de los ajustes del relé. Paso 3: El kit de prueba de relés recibe el comando de disparo del relé y detiene el temporizador. Etapa 4: Las características de disparo medidas se comparan con respecto al disparo esperado según la configuración del ingeniero. La conexión básica del relé de protección se muestra en la imagen. El secundario del transformador de corriente está conectado a la bobina de corriente del relé. El secundario del transformador de tensión está conectado a la bobina de tensión del relé. Siempre que ocurra una falla en el circuito del alimentador, la corriente secundaria proporcional del TC fluirá a través de la bobina de corriente del relé debido a que aumenta la mmf de esa bobina. Este aumento de mmf es suficiente para cerrar mecánicamente el contacto normalmente abierto del relé. Este contacto de relé en realidad cierra y completa el circuito de la bobina de disparo de CC y, por lo tanto, la bobina de disparo se energiza. La mmf de la bobina de disparo inicia el movimiento mecánico del mecanismo de disparo del interruptor automático y, en última instancia, el interruptor automático se dispara para aislar la falla. Tipos de relé según varios requisitos: Diferencial Relé Sobre corriente Relay Frecuencia accionada Relay Sobrecorriente direccional Relay Falla de tierra restringida Relay Sobre flujo Relay Esquemas de distancia Relay Barra colectora Protection Relay Potencia inversa Relé Pérdida de excitación Relay Secuencia de fase negativa Relay Medidores de energía Relay Transductores Relé Reproducción de fallas Relay Preguntas frecuentes FAQ-RTK FAQ about all our Relay testing Software 01 What can KPM relay testing software test? Protection relays and IEDs across the common functions, plus two instrument families. The basic modules cover AC/DC injection, ramping, state sequencing, harmonics, frequency and transient playback. The function modules add distance, overcurrent, differential, differential configuration, harmonic restraint, auto-reclose, synchronism check and power swing. On the digital side it tests IEC 61850 protection and IEDs using GOOSE and sampled values, and merging units. Two licensed optional modules extend it to energy meter and transducer calibration. The Test Center then chains any combination of those into a single automated run.Protection relays and IEDs across the common functions, plus two instrument families. The basic modules cover AC/DC injection, ramping, state sequencing, harmonics, frequency and transient playback. The function modules add distance, overcurrent, differential, differential configuration, harmonic restraint, auto-reclose, synchronism check and power swing. On the digital side it tests IEC 61850 protection and IEDs using GOOSE and sampled values, and merging units. Two licensed optional modules extend it to energy meter and transducer calibration. The Test Center then chains any combination of those into a single automated run.The six basic modules on the startup page. Advanced and additional tabs hold the function-specific ones — distance, overcurrent, differential, reclose, synchroniser and power swing. 02 What PC do I need to run KPM relay test kit software? Windows 7 SP1 through to Windows 11. On Windows 7 you also need .NET Framework 4.0, and 8 or 8.1 must be 64-bit. Installation requires administrator privileges — right-click the installer and choose “Run as administrator”, or it will fail part-way. Screen resolution must be at least 1024 × 768, though in practice the impedance and characteristic editors are far easier to work with on a larger display. One recommendation from the manual that is not a hardware requirement but matters more than any of the above: run it on a dedicated machine that is not connected to an external network. 03 How do I connect a KPM relay test kit to my laptop? Over Ethernet, and the only thing to get right is the addressing. The kit leaves the factory on 192.168.1.123. Set the laptop to anything else on that subnet — 192.168.1.x where x is 1 to 254 but not 123 — with subnet mask 255.255.255.0, then connect the cable. The software shows the connection state at the top right of the window, reading either “Connected” with the kit's IP address or “Not connected”.The whole connection procedure in one picture. The kit ships on 192.168.1.123; the laptop goes anywhere on 192.168.1.x except .123, subnet mask 255.255.255.0 04 Why won't my KPM relay test kit connect to the software? Two causes account for almost all of it. First, the laptop and the kit are on different subnets: the software will display the kit's IP address but never complete the connection, and will keep retrying indefinitely — which looks like a fault but is just an addressing mismatch. Check the laptop's IP is on the same segment. Second, the Windows firewall is blocking the connection; confirm it is not filtering the software. If the laptop has more than one network adapter, check you have configured the one the cable is plugged into. 05 Can I use KPM relay testing software offline, without the kit connected? Yes, and it is a genuinely useful way to work. Opening the System Settings dialog with no kit connected lets you import an offline device configuration file, after which you can explore every feature and build complete offline test templates. That means the whole preparation job — importing relay settings, defining the test object, laying out modules, adding test points — can be done at a desk the evening before, so the site visit is spent testing rather than typing. The software is in any case designed to run entirely offline; it needs no internet connection at any point.Relay settings in on the left, reports out on the right. Everything between happens inside the Test Center, and all of it can be built with no kit connected. 06 What are the main parts of the KPM relay test kit software screen? Eight regions. The title bar and the menu and toolbar across the top; the Test Center tree down the left, holding the test object and its modules; the main test view in the centre where parameters and test points are entered; the vector view and the characteristic view on the right; a dock area along the bottom carrying history, binary input and output status, alarms and the auxiliary DC indicator; and the status bar. The two views on the right are the ones worth learning first: they show what is about to be injected and where the test point falls against the relay's own characteristic, both before anything runs.Eight regions, and the two that matter most sit on the right: the vector view shows what is being injected and the characteristic view shows where the test point falls against the relay's own curve. Both update before you run anything. 07 Is the KPM relay testing software safe to use on a secure or isolated network? It is designed for exactly that. The software functions entirely offline and needs no network access of its own, which makes it suitable for isolated substation environments. The manual sets out the practices to go with that: run it on a dedicated PC not connected to any external network, use USB drives that have been scanned for malware before and after use, take software updates only from KPM through verified offline channels, and follow your own organisation's IT and cyber-security policy. Unauthorised modification or unintended network connection is outside what KPM supports. 08 What output types does a KPM relay test kit support? Six, selected in System Config. Power amplifier for conventional analogue voltage and current injection, which is what most work uses. Low-level output when the signal is going into an external amplifier. And four digital modes — IEC 61850-9-1, IEC 61850-9-2, FT3 and collector — where the kit publishes digital sampled values instead of analogue signals. Selecting a digital mode automatically reveals the relevant configuration tabs in the menu bar. Whichever you choose, the configuration is not live until Apply is pressed; if the kit is not connected you will get “Failed to send configuration”.One screen decides what the kit actually emits. Note the Apply button at bottom right — nothing is sent to the kit until it is pressed 09 How do I wire the current outputs of a KPM relay test kit? It depends on how much current you need against how many channels. A six-channel kit can run six currents independently, or parallel group 1 with group 2 for three higher-current channels, or split three plus one, one plus three, or one plus one, or output three DC currents with group 2 shorted to ground. A three-channel kit offers three independent, one paralleled three-phase, or three DC. The trade is always the same: paralleling buys current at the cost of channels. Two of the paralleled arrangements are only effective in the AC test, ramp and state sequence modules.Six independent current channels, arranged as two groups of three. Paralleling the groups trades channel count for current, which is how a single kit covers both a three-phase distance test and a high-current differential test. 10 When does the auxiliary DC output become unavailable on a KPM relay test kit? When you need the voltage channels instead. On a four-voltage-channel kit you get four-phase voltage output plus auxiliary DC. On a seven-channel kit you choose: seven independent phase voltages with no auxiliary DC, or five-phase voltage plus auxiliary DC — and enabling the auxiliary DC in that second arrangement makes the group 2 Ib and Ic voltage channels unavailable. Worth knowing before a job, because discovering it on site means rethinking the test 11 What is the auxiliary DC output on a KPM relay test kit for? Powering the protective device under test, so you do not need a separate station battery supply or bench PSU at the test position. Selectable levels run from 24 V up to 350 V, with an “Other” entry for values in between. It is independent of every test module — nothing any module does affects it — and it can be switched on from the status bar of any module rather than having to leave what you are doing. When it is live, the auxiliary DC indicator on the startup page and in every module's status bar turns green. 12 Can a KPM relay test kit test IEC 61850 IEDs with sampled values? Yes, in either 9-1 or 9-2, selected to match what the IED under test actually uses. The configuration covers sample rate, ASDU count, flip mode and sync mode, then per-IED details — MAC destination and source, APPID, VLAN ID, priority, port and a test flag — and the SVID, nominal delay and version. Channels are then mapped to the fibre. None of this needs typing by hand: import the station's SCD, CID or ICD file, or a previously saved configuration, and use the “configure as group 1 to 6” buttons to finish quickly. Once mapped, the channels apply across every test module.Sampled-value configuration. The tedious part — MAC addresses, APPIDs, SVIDs, channel mapping — is avoided by importing the station's SCD, CID or ICD file. 13 What is GOOSE mode on a KPM relay test kit? It replaces the physical binary wiring with GOOSE messages. Set the binary type to GOOSE and the kit publishes and subscribes instead of using its contact terminals — a binary output becomes a GOOSE publisher, a binary input becomes a GOOSE subscriber. Configuration covers GocbRef, GoID, dataset name, allowed time and the T0 to T3 retransmission times, and again SCL import does most of the work. A message detection function will scan for and identify the GOOSE signals actually present on the network, which saves guessing. The practical point: once mapped, every test module works exactly as it does with wired contacts.GOOSE mapped to binary channels. A publisher takes the place of a binary output and a subscriber takes the place of a binary input, so every test module then works unchanged. 14 What is the difference between relay contact and GOOSE binary types? Where the trip signal travels. Relay contact uses the kit's physical binary input and output ports — banana plugs or a combination connector — to send and receive binary signals, and each input can be configured as potential free (wet or dry contact) or, on some models, to trigger on a voltage threshold with a nominal voltage and a reaction threshold percentage. GOOSE sends and receives the same binary signals over the mapped GOOSE channels instead. Both can be active together, which is how a part-digital substation gets tested in one pass. 15 What is a virtual binary input in KPM relay testing software? A software button that simulates an external binary input signal, letting you trigger a state transition from the keyboard rather than needing a real contact to close. It is useful when developing a test template offline, or when the signal you want to trigger on is not conveniently wired. To use it you first map the software button to a binary input channel in the Binary section of the software settings, then enable it under virtual digital inputs in System Config. 16 What is the deglitch time, and why does it matter for trip-time accuracy? It filters transient spikes on the trip signal so that contact bounce is not recorded as an operation. The setting range is 0 to 25 ms and it is entered on the Device tab of the test object. The rule is simple: a binary input change is only recorded if it lasts longer than the deglitch time. With a deglitch time of 15 ms, a flip shorter than that is ignored. This is worth understanding because it cuts both ways — too short and contact bounce produces spurious operations, too long and a genuinely fast trip is filtered out along with the noise. 17 What is a test object in KPM relay testing software? The software's model of the relay you are testing, holding its settings so every module can work from one source. It is organised by protection function — Device, Distance, Overcurrent, Differential, Synchroniser, Transducer, VI Starting and CB — and every type except Device can hold several data instances, so one test object can carry multiple setting groups for the same relay. The test object does two jobs beyond storage: it calculates the expected result for each fault condition, against which the measured result is compared to give a pass or fail; and it generates a visual representation of the relay's characteristics that you can click to place test points.The Device tab is the top of the test object. Nominal values entered here drive every module's primary-to-secondary conversion, and the deglitch time set here governs trip detection throughout. 18 How do I import KPM relay settings into the KPM relay test kit software? Through the Test Object Converter, reached from the “Edit / Import .krt Template” button inside the test object. The converter uses a filter that mirrors the relay manufacturer's own data structure, so the settings sit where an engineer familiar with that relay expects them. Three steps: open the template for the relay you are testing and go to Test Object → Edit; either type the protection settings in or use Import to read them from the relay setting software; then confirm and save them into the test object. Where a template carries several filters for one relay family, the one reporting more matches is generally the better fit.The converter mirrors the relay manufacturer's own data structure, so settings can be read across rather than retyped. Where several filters exist for one relay family, the one reporting more matches is the better fit. 19 What file formats can a protection KPM relay test set import settings from? RIO, RIO3 and XRIO, plus direct import from relay setting software through the converter filter. RIO is the compatibility format, readable by both version 2.x and 3.x of the software, but it cannot carry everything — more than three elements in an overcurrent element type, for instance, will not export to it. RIO3 is the current format and is version 3.x only. An XRIO file can be imported provided it contains RIO object data; if it does not, the software will tell you the file is invalid rather than importing something incomplete. 20 What is a test template, and why does it save time? A saved .krt file holding the test object, every test module you organised under it, and all your user-defined test points. Once a relay type is set up, the template loads the whole arrangement in one step, so the second and every subsequent unit of that type is tested without rebuilding anything. For a testing contractor working through a substation full of identical feeders, this is the difference between a day and a week. Completed tests can additionally be saved as an XML report, which can be reloaded later to view results and parameters, or used interchangeably with a template. 21 What is the Test Center, and how does automated relay testing work? The Test Center is where modules are organised into a sequence that runs on its own. The structure is hierarchical: a Bay at the top, test objects beneath it, and test modules under each object, optionally collected into groups. Every node has an activation checkbox, and only ticked nodes are used. Then Start All runs from the first active module to the last and stops; Start One runs only the module at the cursor; Continue runs from the cursor to the end. That is what “one-click testing” means in practice — a full commissioning sequence for a relay, started once and left to finish. 22 How does System Config scope work in the Test Center? Each test object must have at least one System Config module, and the software adds a default one in first position automatically. A System Config applies only to modules at the same or a lower level that come after it — never to modules before it or above it. Where two System Configs would both apply, the nearest one to the module wins. One trap worth knowing: if a System Config's own activation checkbox is not ticked, its scope does not take effect at all and the modules that would have used it fall back to the default. 23 Can a relay test template adapt automatically when the protection settings change? Yes, and for anyone maintaining general-purpose templates this is the most useful feature in the Test Center. Using “From Reference” on a module's right-click menu, that module's activation checkbox can be linked to a boolean parameter in the test object. When the relay's settings change — a function enabled or disabled — the corresponding test module activates or deactivates itself to match, with no editing. A linked node shows a blue background and its checkbox is locked until the reference is removed. 24 What is the Test Delay module for in an automated test sequence? Pausing an automated run so a person can do something. Dropped between modules in the Test Center, it displays a prompt — text, an image, or both — and waits, with the wait set as Manual, Time, or Manual plus Time. That covers the real interruptions in a commissioning sequence: change a setting group, move a lead, confirm a link position. It can also invoke an external application, though note the limit — the software calls the external program but does not manage or check its results. 25 How do I test a distance relay with a KPM relay test kit? Define the relay's zones in the Distance tab of the test object first — line length and angle, PT position, CT starpoint, grounding factor and a zone list with trip times — and the software draws the resulting characteristic. Then in the Distance module, place test points in the impedance plane by right-clicking on it or by typing |Z|, Phi, R and X. Points are sorted automatically by fault type and linked to the impedance view. Two settings are worth checking twice: PT position decides whether post-fault voltage is zero or nominal, and CT starpoint direction shifts the injected current by 180° if it is wrong.Zones defined on the left, characteristic drawn on the right. PT position and CT starpoint are the two settings most often left wrong — the starpoint choice alone shifts the injected current by 180°. 26 What is the difference between a shot test and a search test? A shot test checks specific points: you choose impedances, the kit injects each one, and the result is whether the relay tripped and how fast at each. A search test finds the boundary: you define a line through the characteristic and the software fires a series of shots along it, narrowing down until it has located the actual reach, with the number of shots calculated from the zones and the search resolution. One rule governs search lines — one end must be inside the zone and the other outside, because if both ends are on the same side there is no boundary to find. 27 What do the I=Constant, U=Constant and Z=Constant fault models mean? Which quantity the software holds fixed while it calculates the other. I=Constant fixes the test current and calculates the fault voltage. U=Constant fixes the test voltage and calculates the fault current. Z=Constant fixes the source impedance and calculates both from it and the test point. Two automatic protections apply: if the calculated fault voltage would exceed nominal × 0.9 the module reduces the test current, and if the calculated fault current would exceed the kit's maximum output it reduces the test voltage. The model is a global setting and applies to both shot and search tests. 28 How do I test an overcurrent relay with IDMT curves? Define the elements in the Overcurrent tab of the test object — phase, residual, positive, negative or zero sequence — each with its characteristic, pickup as a multiple of nominal current, time multiplier and direction. Standard IDMT, I²T and IAC characteristics are built in with their own constants, and custom curves can be entered as a current-time table. Then add test points on the characteristic view by right-clicking or entering test current and angle. All enabled elements operate in parallel and the combined curve is shown on the resulting characteristic tab — which is what the test is actually judged against, not the individual element curves.Elements on the left, the IDMT equation and its constants below, the resulting curve on the right. Every enabled element operates in parallel, and the combined curve is what the test is judged against. 29 What does “load current too high” mean on an overcurrent test point? That the test point cannot be reached with the load current you have set. The point appears as a red circle on the characteristic and the assessment says so explicitly, which is the software refusing to run a test it knows would be invalid rather than producing a misleading number. The fix is to reduce the load current setting. It is worth knowing this is a module constraint and not a relay problem — the point itself is testable, just not with that much prefault load current on top of it. 30 How do I test a differential relay bias characteristic? Set the protected object up first in the Differential tab — transformer, generator, motor or busbar; winding count and reference winding; per-winding power, voltage, CT ratios, vector group and star-point earthing; zero-sequence elimination; and the Ibias calculation model your relay manufacturer uses. Then define the bias curve as inflection points, entered as bias and differential current pairs, with the slope calculated for you. The module tests it by simulating faults inside and outside the protected zone, as either shot tests at chosen points or search tests that hold Ibias fixed and search for the actual Idiff boundary.The bias curve built from inflection points. The dashed bands either side are the tolerance envelope the test points are judged against, so the curve and the pass criteria are defined in one place. 31 How do I test harmonic inrush restraint on a differential relay? The restraint curve is defined on the Harmonic tab of the differential test object — the harmonic order, the tolerance band, and inflection points entered as ratio and differential current pairs. The dedicated Harmonic Restraint module then tests it, with the same shot and search choice as the main differential test. This matters because inrush restraint is the function most likely to cause a nuisance trip in service and the least likely to have been proved at commissioning; it is a genuine gap in a lot of maintenance routines. 32 How do I test an auto-recloser with a KPM relay test kit? The Reclose module simulates the whole cycle including post-acceleration, using five states in one shot: prefault, fault, post-fault, reclosed and post-acceleration. The Ux channel simulates the line voltage, with settable amplitude, phase angle and reference channel. Binary inputs 1 to 3 take the trip commands, per phase or three-phase, and binary input 4 takes the reclose command. Results come back as three measured times — trip, reclose, and second trip. A permanent-fault option keeps the fault present after reclosing, which is what proves lockout; the module is transient by default.Five states in one shot: prefault, fault, postfault, reclosed, post-acceleration. The trip and reclose binary inputs along the bottom are what turn this into three measured times from a single injection. 33 How do I test a synchronising relay? The Synchroniser module simulates connecting a generator to the grid. One voltage group is the system side, which is the reference at zero degrees; the other is the generator side, which the software varies. Eight test functions cover it: action voltage, action frequency, angle/time, electric zero, pulse width control on frequency and on voltage, slip acceleration latch, and a full auto-synchroniser. That last one is the closed-loop test — binary inputs 5 to 8 receive the relay's own voltage and frequency raise and lower commands and the software responds to them, which is the only way to prove an automatic synchroniser genuinely works.Two voltage groups simulate the two sides of the breaker. The four binary inputs on the right catch the relay's own raise and lower commands, which is what makes a closed-loop auto-synchronizer test possible. 34 How do I test frequency and voltage protection with a KPM relay test kit? The Frequency Test module covers both. Under-frequency testing measures the frequency pickup, the operating time at a given frequency, the df/dt rate-of-change response, and the under-voltage and under-current latch behaviour. Under-voltage testing mirrors it — voltage pickup, operating time, dv/dt response and the under-current latch. The rate-of-change functions matter more than they used to: df/dt and dv/dt elements are increasingly used on networks with high renewable penetration, and they cannot be proved with a static injection. 35 What is a state sequencer, and when should I use it instead of a ramp? A state sequencer defines a series of output states and steps through them, which makes it the right tool for any time measurement — trip time above all. It offers eleven output modes, per-state binary outputs, and triggers on time, binary input, binary-plus-time, key press, or GPS/IRIG-B. It can also apply linear dv/dt, di/dt and df/dt changes within a state, plus closing angle and superimposed non-periodic components. The manual is explicit about the division of labour: the trip time shown in a ramp result is for reference only and not used for evaluation. For a trip time you intend to report, use a state sequence. 36 What is a ramping test used for on a protection KPM relay test set? Finding a threshold rather than timing an operation — pickup, drop-off, and anything derived from the two. It works as a table of ramping states, each holding one or more variables with a from value, a to value, a step and a step time. Results appear as ramp measurements, and you can enter a set value with positive and negative deviation for each so the software assesses pass or fail itself. The calculated condition feature is what makes it powerful: measure pickup in one ramp and drop-off in a second, then define the formula result 2 / result 1 and the reset ratio is evaluated automatically. 37 Can a KPM relay test kit replay a COMTRADE fault record? Yes — that is the Transplay module, and it is the fastest way to settle an argument about why a relay operated. Import the COMTRADE record and it plays back, with manual, binary or GPS triggering. Every voltage and current channel is editable and can be superimposed, channels can be combined arithmetically, outputs are scaled from primary to secondary values, and the original record is interpolated with a selectable algorithm. Sections can be repeated by start time, interval and count. One detail worth knowing: COMTRADE stores peak-to-peak values while the kit always outputs RMS, and the software handles the conversion. 38 Can a KPM relay test kit simulate a power swing? Yes. The Power Swing module models a two-terminal transmission system — generator source, line, system source — and calculates the voltage and current that would appear at the protection's location as the power angle oscillates. The angle can swing between defined start and end angles, or rotate continuously clockwise or counter-clockwise through 360°, for a set number of cycles. A fault can be superimposed on the oscillation. It is used for generator out-of-step protection and out-of-step blocking, and to check whether a system swing will cause distance or zero-sequence line protection to misoperate — which is exactly the scenario that turns a local fault into a wide-area event. 39 Can a KPM relay test kit calibrate energy meters and transducers? Yes, through two licensed optional modules. The energy meter module calibrates function and accuracy for single-phase, three-phase three-wire and three-phase four-wire meters, using the meter constant, CT and PT ratios, pulse type and count, and settling time, and it records ambient temperature and humidity into the report. It needs a photoelectric conversion sampler connected. The transducer module covers active, reactive and apparent power, frequency, AC and DC current and voltage, power factor and phase, with the characteristic defined by minimum, knee, maximum and saturation points. Both evaluate against tolerances you set. 40 How does a KPM relay test kit measure trip time? By timing from fault inception to the trip contact. The kit injects the prefault condition, then applies the fault and starts its timer at the same instant; the relay's own delay logic runs; the trip command arrives at a binary input and the timer stops. The measured time is then compared with the relay's setting to give a pass or fail. Two things govern the accuracy of that number. The binary change must last longer than the deglitch time to be recorded at all. And the prefault state must be long enough for the relay to see healthy conditions and reset — 500 ms minimum is the recommendation for shot tests.Trip time is the interval between fault inception and the trip contact changing state. The prefault state is not optional padding — the relay has to see healthy conditions long enough to reset before the fault arrives, or the measured time is meaningless. 41 How does kpm relay testing software decide whether a test passed or failed? By comparing the measured value with the value it calculated from the test object, against the tolerances you set. Tolerances are entered in two forms — relative as a percentage and absolute as a value — and the rule that matters is that the software takes the larger of the two. That is deliberate and it is the sensible behaviour: a purely relative tolerance becomes absurdly tight near zero, while a purely absolute one becomes meaningless at large values. Both current and time deviations are judged this way. Points that pass are drawn green on the characteristic, points that fail are drawn red. 42 What report formats does kpm relay testing software produce? RTF and PDF for the finished report, following a layout you configure through Report Set, which controls which data blocks appear. There is also an export function for custom report formats to suit a particular customer's requirements. Separately, results save as XML, which is a different thing and more useful than it sounds — see the next answer. Test personnel name and company name are entered once in the software settings and carried into every report, and per-module comments and a modifiable assessment conclusion can be added before the report is generated.The report preview, reachable by clicking the test object in the tree. Parameters, results, verdicts and the characteristic plot all travel into the RTF or PDF output together. 43 Can I reopen and review an old kpm relay test result? Yes, and this is the feature most worth knowing about. Results save as an XML file that can be reloaded later to view both the results and the template parameters that produced them — so a year later you can see not only what the relay did but exactly what was injected and what settings were assumed. The XML can also be used interchangeably with a .krt template, which means last year's test becomes this year's starting point. For anyone who has ever had to defend a commissioning result, this is the answer that matters. 44 What is the difference between primary and secondary value display? Which side of the CT and PT the numbers refer to. The toolbar switches the whole display between primary and secondary values, converting automatically using the ratios set in the test object. Secondary values are what the kit physically injects; primary values are what those represent out on the system. There are two more display toggles alongside it: absolute against relative, where relative values are expressed as multiples of the rated value, and seconds against cycles for the time format. All three are display conventions only — none of them changes the test. 45 What does the event recorder capture during a KPMs relay test? The changing states and the operating times of every binary input and output contact through the test. Where a result view gives you the headline number, the event recorder gives you the sequence — which contact changed, in what order, at what time. That distinction matters when a result is not what you expected: a trip that arrived on the wrong phase, a reclose that came before the trip reset, or a signal that chattered rather than operating cleanly are all visible in the event record and invisible in a single measured time. 46 What do the alarm indicators on a KPM relay test kit mean? Each turns red for a specific condition. V,H voltage amplifier overheating. V,I voltage amplifier wrongly connected to an external high-voltage source. V,S voltage output short circuit. I,H current amplifier overheating. P,B power imbalance. L,I low-level output wrongly connected to an external high-voltage source. And IA through IZ for current output open circuit, per channel. Two of these — V,I and L,I — are telling you a wiring error has connected an output to something it must never see, and warrant stopping rather than retrying. The open-circuit alarms only trigger above the detection threshold set in System Config. 47 The software says “Failed to send configuration”. What does that mean? That Apply was pressed in System Config while the kit was not connected. The configuration exists in the software but has not reached the hardware, so the kit is still running whatever it had before — which is the dangerous part, because the software will show your intended settings while the kit outputs something else. Re-establish the connection, check the status indicator reads Connected with the kit's IP address, then press Apply again and confirm it succeeds before running any test. 48 The relay operated but the test kit recorded no trip. What should I check? Work through it in this order. Is the trip contact wired to the binary input the module is actually watching, and is that input enabled in the trigger logic? Is the trigger logic set to OR when you meant OR — an AND across several inputs will not fire on one contact. Is the binary input's contact type right for the signal, potential free against threshold triggering? Is the deglitch time longer than the pulse the relay produced? And if the trigger mode is set to accept only a rising or only a falling edge, does the contact actually move in that direction? 49 How do I upgrade the firmware on a KPM relay test kit? Power up the kit and establish the connection first. Open the Upgrade window, load the new firmware package, and press Upgrade. Then leave it alone: the manual is emphatic that the power and communication connection must not be disconnected during the process. The software verifies the package against the connected model before it runs, and will refuse an incompatible version rather than attempting it — which is the protection you want, since a mismatched firmware load is the one thing that turns a test kit into a paperweight. It restarts itself when it finishes. 50 How do I add an optional module I have purchased? Through a licence certificate. The licence page shows which feature licences are currently authorised, and importing the new certificate you receive with the purchase activates the additional module. No reinstallation and no return to the factory — which means a kit bought for protection testing can be extended to energy meter or transducer calibration later, without replacing hardware. 51 How often should a KPM relay test kit be calibrated? Annual calibration against a traceable standard is the usual expectation for test and measurement equipment in utility service, and tender specifications frequently require a valid certificate at supply. The software includes a calibration function, but note the manual's restriction — it is for authorised personnel only and is not a user-accessible routine. 52 What safety precautions apply when using a KPM relay test kit? Treat it as a source, not a meter. The relay under test must be isolated from the live CT and PT circuits before anything is injected, or you are back-feeding the substation — and an open-circuited live CT is the single most dangerous thing in a protection panel. Earth the kit. Confirm the auxiliary DC level before energising a relay from it. Check where the trip output actually goes before allowing the relay to operate, because a trip signal reaching a real breaker during a test is not a theoretical risk. Normal permit-to-work and isolation practice applies throughout. 53 What support is provided with KPM relay testing software? KPM provides hands-on training at your site as part of supply, or as a separate chargeable visit, covering the modules your team uses on your own relays. Call 0124 4001088 or email sales@kpmtek.com to arrange it, or to request a demonstration.Reach us on 0124 4001088 or sales@kpmtek.com, 10 AM to 6 PM IST on working days. 54 Will you help me build my first test templates? Yes, we provide support in building templates for the relay types on your system as part of commissioning, and hands-on operator training at your site. State whether this is included in supply or chargeable, and whether it covers one location or several. ] Templates are where the time saving in this software actually lives, so getting the first few right is worth more than any amount of manual reading. 55 What if I get a test result, I do not understand? Save the XML result and send it to sales@kpmtek.com with the relay details. Because the XML carries both the results and the template parameters that produced them, our engineer can see exactly what was injected and what was assumed — which usually settles it without a site visit. This is the support customers use most. Typical response: 10 AM to 6 PM IST on working days. 56 How quickly do you respond to a support request? We support customers by telephone, email and online video meeting whenever they need it. Typical response to a test record sent for review is one to two working days.Reach us on 0124 4001088 or sales@kpmtek.com, 10 AM to 6 PM IST on working days. 57 How do I get software updates for my KPM relay test kit? Directly from us, through verified offline channels. Because the software is designed to run on an isolated PC, it does not update itself over the internet and should not be asked to — updates come as a file we supply, which is also the only route we can vouch for. 58 Do you handle calibration and repair of the KPM relay test kit? Yes. Repairs are carried out at the KPM service centre, and we arrange calibration with a traceable certificate. Contact us with the serial number and the issue, and we will confirm the turnaround before any work starts.Call first: many reported faults turn out to be a connection, a setting or a site supply problem that we can solve over the phone the same day. 59 What warranty applies to the relay test kit and its software? The relay test kit is warranted against defects in materials and workmanship for twelve months from dispatch. Within that period we repair or replace any unit that fails in normal service at no charge.Call us before opening the instrument, because opening the case voids the warranty. The warranty covers failure, not damage: physical damage, water ingress, repair or modification by others, consumables, and connecting high voltage or high current directly to the analyzer are excluded. Application support continues for as long as you own the instrument.

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KPM PD Pulse-8, Online Partial Discharge Monitor View more KPM PD Pulse-8 partial discharge online monitoring device includes a modularly designed partial discharge sensor and a partial discharge data processing terminal. The partial discharge sensor can effectively monitor ultrasonic and transient earth voltage signals. Its sensors are a two-in-one integrated assembly that can be installed on the HV equipment. Preguntas frecuentes (FAQ) FAQ about Partial discharge : 01 What is partial discharge? Partial discharge (PD) is a small electrical spark that bridges only part of the insulation between two conductors at different voltages. The insulation as a whole still holds, but at one weak spot the local electric field is high enough to break down a tiny gap, a gas bubble or a surface path.Each discharge lasts a fraction of a microsecond and carries a minute charge. It repeats every power cycle, though, often thousands of times a second, and over months or years that repeated attack erodes the insulation around it. 02 Why is partial discharge dangerous for high-voltage equipment? Partial discharge is both a symptom and a cause. It shows that the insulation has a defect, and it makes that defect worse. Each discharge damages the material by heat, chemical attack and erosion, and the damaged region grows.In solid insulation, that can lead to electrical treeing and eventually a full breakdown: a flashover or fault that can destroy switchgear, a cable joint or a transformer and cause an unplanned outage. Partial discharge is one of the most common forms of deterioration in medium- and high-voltage insulation, so finding it early is one of the most effective ways to prevent failures. 03 Where does partial discharge occur in electrical equipment? • Internal discharge: in voids, cracks or delaminations inside solid insulation such as cast resin, cable insulation or bushings.• Surface discharge: along an insulating surface that is contaminated, damp or overstressed, for example on bushings, terminations and insulator surfaces inside switchgear.• Corona: in air or gas around sharp edges and points at high voltage.• Floating potential: from a metal part that has lost its connection and charges up to an intermediate voltage.• Free particles: loose metal particles moving in gas-insulated equipment.Each type produces a characteristic pattern relative to the power-frequency voltage, which is how an experienced analyst tells them apart. 04 What is the difference between partial discharge and corona? Corona is one type of partial discharge: discharge in air or gas around a sharp conductor at high voltage, with no solid insulation involved. On overhead lines and in outdoor substations some corona is normal and often harmless, apart from radio interference and power loss.Partial discharge is the wider term. It also covers discharge inside solid insulation and along insulating surfaces, which is much more damaging. Telling corona apart from internal or surface discharge is an important part of interpreting any PD test. 05 What is the difference between online and offline partial discharge testing? Online testing is done with the equipment energised and in normal service. Sensors pick up the signals that partial discharge sends out, with no outage and no extra high-voltage supply. It is ideal for surveys and condition monitoring.Offline testing is done with the equipment disconnected and energised from a separate test source. It allows the voltage to be controlled and the discharge to be measured in calibrated units, which is why it is used for factory acceptance tests and detailed diagnostics. It needs an outage and more equipment. 06 What is IEC 60270 partial discharge measurement? IEC 60270 is the international standard for the conventional, electrical measurement of partial discharge. It uses a coupling capacitor and a measuring circuit, calibrated by injecting a known charge, and reports the apparent charge of the discharges in picocoulombs (pC).It is the method used in factory acceptance tests and in equipment standards that set a pC limit. Most portable online PD testers use non-conventional methods instead (electromagnetic and acoustic sensors, covered in IEC TS 62478), which do not give a pC value but can test equipment in service. 07 How is partial discharge detected? A partial discharge releases energy in several forms, and each can be detected:• An electromagnetic pulse, picked up as transient earth voltage (TEV) on metal enclosures, or as UHF radio waves.• Sound, mostly ultrasonic, picked up through the air or through the enclosure wall.• A current pulse flowing to earth, picked up with a high-frequency current transformer (HFCT) on an earth connection.• Light, heat and chemical by-products, used in some specialised methods.The best method depends on the equipment and on which of these signals can reach the outside of it.Picture filepd-signals-and-detection-methods.pngAlt textDiagram of the signals a partial discharge gives off and the sensor that detects each: TEV, ultrasonic, UHF and HFCTCaptionOne discharge, four kinds of signal, four ways to detect it. 08 What is KPMs TEV (transient earth voltage) partial discharge testing? When partial discharge occurs inside metal-clad switchgear, it sends out a fast electromagnetic pulse. Most of it stays inside the metal enclosure, but some escapes through joints, gaskets and openings and induces a very short voltage pulse on the outer surface of the enclosure. That pulse is the transient earth voltage.A TEV sensor is a capacitive probe held against the outside of the panel. TEV testing is quick, needs no outage and is one of the main methods for surveying medium-voltage switchgear and ring main units. 09 What is KPMs UHF partial discharge detection? Partial discharge in gas or solid insulation produces extremely fast current pulses, with rise times of around a nanosecond, which radiate electromagnetic waves up into the ultra-high-frequency range, from hundreds of megahertz to a few gigahertz.UHF sensors pick up these signals. The method is widely used for gas-insulated switchgear (GIS), where sensors are placed at insulating spacers or inspection windows, and for transformers fitted with UHF sensor ports. Working at these frequencies avoids most corona in air and low-frequency noise, although radio sources in the same band, such as mobile phones and Wi-Fi, can still interfere. 10 How is partial discharge detected in power cables? Along most of a cable's length, metal screens, armour and burial stop electromagnetic and acoustic signals from being picked up outside. A discharge does, however, send current pulses along the cable screen to earth. (At terminations inside switchgear and at exposed cable boxes, TEV, ultrasonic and UHF sensors can also help.)A high-frequency current transformer (HFCT), a clamp-on sensor, placed around the earth connection of a cable termination or joint picks up those pulses. Online cable PD testing with HFCTs is common at terminations, in substations and at link boxes. 11 Is a handheld partial discharge tester the same as continuous PD monitoring? No. A handheld PD tester gives a snapshot: an engineer visits, measures and records. It is ideal for surveying many assets quickly and checking equipment periodically.Continuous monitoring uses permanently installed sensors and records partial discharge all the time. It is used on critical or known-suspect assets where activity may come and go with load, temperature or humidity.Many asset owners combine them: periodic handheld surveys across the network, and continuous monitoring where a survey finds something worth watching closely. 12 Why measure background levels before a KPM partial discharge test? Every PD reading has to be judged against the background: the signal level present even where there is no discharge. A high background can hide real discharge, or make a healthy panel look suspect.Electromagnetic interference affects TEV and UHF readings, and other noise sources affect ultrasonic readings. Measuring the background first tells you how much of each reading is genuine, and whether conditions are good enough to test at all. 13 Does humidity or temperature affect partial discharge readings? Yes. Surface discharge in particular is strongly affected by humidity and condensation: it can be active on a damp morning and quiet in the afternoon. Load and temperature also change discharge activity in cables and transformers.Always record the ambient conditions with every test, and compare surveys taken in similar conditions where possible. Discharge that appears only in damp weather still points to a real problem, often surface contamination or poor sealing. 14 What is a PRPD pattern? A PRPD (phase-resolved partial discharge) pattern plots each detected discharge pulse by its amplitude and by the point in the power-frequency cycle (0° to 360°) at which it occurred, accumulated over many cycles.Different defects discharge at characteristic points in the voltage cycle, so the shape of the pattern is a fingerprint. Internal discharge, surface discharge, corona and floating parts each tend to produce a recognisable pattern, while most random noise does not line up with the voltage cycle. Interference from power electronics is an exception: it is locked to the supply and appears at fixed points in the cycle, so it has to be recognised and excluded. PRPD analysis is the standard way of identifying what kind of discharge is present.Picture filepd-idealised-prpd-patterns.pngAlt textIdealised textbook sketches of phase-resolved partial discharge (PRPD) patterns for internal discharge, corona and noiseCaptionSimplified textbook sketches, not instrument screens. Real patterns vary with the equipment and the measurement. 15 What do dB, dBmV and dBµV mean in KPM partial discharge testing? Partial discharge signals vary over a very wide range, so many instruments show them on a logarithmic decibel (dB) scale.• dBmV is relative to 1 millivolt, often used for TEV readings. UHF readings are often given in dBm, relative to 1 milliwatt.• dBµV is relative to 1 microvolt, often used for ultrasonic readings.Every 20 dB is a tenfold increase in signal amplitude, so a reading 20 dB higher than another is ten times larger, and 40 dB higher is a hundred times larger. FAQ about Monitoring testing : 01 What is the use of online partial discharge (PD) monitoring of panels using TEV and contact ultrasonic methods? Online partial discharge monitoring of medium-voltage and high-voltage panels using TEV (Transient Earth Voltage) and contact ultrasonic methods is used to detect and localize internal insulation defects and surface discharges without shutting down the equipment. Here's how each method contributes: 1. TEV (Transient Earth Voltage) Method Use: Detects internal PD activity, especially within air-insulated switchgear (AIS) and cable terminations inside metal-clad panels. How it works? When PD occurs inside enclosed metal-clad gear, it emits fast-rising electromagnetic pulses that induce transient voltages on the metal surfaces. TEV sensors pick up these signals from outside the panel. Benefit: Non-invasive, detects internal voids, tracking, and corona effects. 2. Contact Ultrasonic Method Use: Detects surface discharges, such as corona or tracking, which emit high-frequency acoustic signals. How it works? A piezoelectric sensor placed on the panel surface detects ultrasonic noise generated by PD activity, even through the enclosure. Benefit: Helps locate poor insulation, loose connections, or contamination issues causing discharge on the surface. Combined Use – Why It Matters? Using both TEV and ultrasonic methods together enhances diagnostic accuracy: TEV gives insight into internal discharge severity and location. Ultrasonic confirms surface or near-surface PD sources and allows cross-verification. This dual-method approach is vital for: Preventive maintenance, Avoiding insulation failures, Improving switchgear reliability, and Extending equipment life without needing shutdowns.

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Advanced transformer oil testing by KPM for precise oil analysis, insulation assessment, and efficient transformer maintenance. EQUIPO DE LABORATORIO DE PRUEBA DE ACEITE PROBADOR DEL PUNTO DE INFLAMACIÓN (KPM OT 01) Ver más El probador de punto de inflamación de aceite de transformador de copa cerrada KPM OT 01 es un probador automático de punto de inflamación cerrado. Se utiliza para medir el punto de inflamación abierto y cerrado de productos derivados del petróleo. Parámetros técnicos-: 1. Medición de temperatura Rango de medición de temperatura: -59,9 °C~299,9 °C Rango de control de temperatura: temperatura ambiente ~ 300 ° C Repetibilidad: 0.025X (x = valor promedio de prueba dos veces sucesivas) Resolución: 0.1°C Precisión: 0,5% Sensor de temperatura: resistencia de platino (PT100) Sensor de fuego relámpago: anillo de detección de iones 2. Temperatura ambiente: 0 ~ 40 °C 3. Humedad relativa: ≤ 85 % de humedad relativa 4. Fuente de alimentación: AC220V ± 20%; 50Hz ± 10% 5. Consumo de energía: aproximadamente 400W PROBADOR DEL PUNTO DE INFLAMACIÓN (KPM OT 01) Ver más El probador de punto de inflamación de aceite de transformador de copa cerrada KPM OT 01 es un probador automático de punto de inflamación cerrado. Se utiliza para medir el punto de inflamación abierto y cerrado de productos derivados del petróleo. Parámetros técnicos-: 1. Medición de temperatura Rango de medición de temperatura: -59,9 °C~299,9 °C Rango de control de temperatura: temperatura ambiente ~ 300 ° C Repetibilidad: 0.025X (x = valor promedio de prueba dos veces sucesivas) Resolución: 0.1°C Precisión: 0,5% Sensor de temperatura: resistencia de platino (PT100) Sensor de fuego relámpago: anillo de detección de iones 2. Temperatura ambiente: 0 ~ 40 °C 3. Humedad relativa: ≤ 85 % de humedad relativa 4. Fuente de alimentación: AC220V ± 20%; 50Hz ± 10% 5. Consumo de energía: aproximadamente 400W PROBADOR DE VISCOSIDAD (KPM OT O3) Ver más La viscosidad cinemática es la medida de la fuerza de fricción interna cuando el líquido fluye bajo la acción de la gravedad, y su valor es la relación entre la viscosidad dinámica y la densidad a la misma temperatura, que es una de las propiedades físicas y químicas importantes de identificación del grado y la calidad del aceite. En la aplicación práctica, la selección adecuada de la viscosidad del aceite lubricante puede garantizar el funcionamiento normal y fiable de los equipos mecánicos. KPM OT 03 es el equipo de prueba especial diseñado y fabricado en base a las normas nacionales/normas internacionales. KPM OT 03 es adecuado para la determinación de la viscosidad cinemática de productos petrolíferos líquidos. El instrumento tiene una función de temporizador del tiempo de movimiento de la muestra y una función de cálculo automático de los resultados finales de la viscosidad cinemática. Características del instrumento probador de viscosidad cinemática ◆La constante del viscosímetro, el valor de control de temperatura, la temperatura de ajuste fino, el número de pruebas y otros parámetros se pueden configurar mediante el teclado, el instrumento tiene una función de memoria para guardar el conjunto de datos automáticamente la primera vez ◆Adoptar sensor importado y nueva tecnología de control de temperatura de ajuste automático PID digital, que tiene un amplio rango de control de temperatura y alta precisión de control de temperatura ◆El reloj calendario no se apaga y muestra la hora actual automáticamente cuando se inicia ◆Función alternativa de comunicación en red, control remoto, tabulación ◆Botón sin marcas, el funcionamiento es intuitivo y sencillo. ◆El número de tiempo de experimento es de 1 a 6 veces, lo cual es ajustable y conveniente ◆El registro experimental se puede guardar para verlo más tarde. Probador de viscosidad cinemática Parámetros técnicos ◆ Agujero de baño líquido: 4 agujeros ◆Rango de control de temperatura: temperatura ambiente —120 ℃ ◆ Precisión de control de temperatura: ≤ ± 0,01 ℃ ◆Potencia de calefacción: 1000W ◆Tiempos de prueba: 1 a 6 veces, ajustable TAN DELTA DE ACEITE ( KPM OTD 01 ) Ver más KPM OTD01 is used for measuring dielectric dissipation_cc781905 -5cde-3194-bb3b-136bad5cf58d_factor and DC resistivity of insulating oil_cc781905 -5cde-3194-bb3b-136bad5cf58d_and other aislantes líquidos._cc781905-5cde-3194-bb3b5cf-1586d_bad KPM OTD01 en un probador de resistividad y pérdida dieléctrica de aceite aislante de limpieza automática 1.Oil cup is cleaned automatically and_cc781905-5cde-3194-bb3b- 136bad5cf58d_has electrode calibración función._cc781905-5cde-31936-bad3bcf-5 2. Internal standard capacitor electrode type_cc781905-5cde-3194-bb3b- 136bad5cf58d_condensador,con electrode spacing 2mm. 3.Large-screen LCD,backlight, display is clear._cc781905-5cde-3194-bb3b- 136malo5cf58d_ 4.More accurate. Testing AC power supply_cc781905-5cde-3194- bb3b-136bad5cf58d_adopts AC - DC -_cc781905-5cde-3194 -bb3b-136bad5cf58d_AC conversion method. 5.Equipped with overvoltage, overcurrent and limit_cc781905-5cde-3194- bb3b-136bad5cf58d_ protecciones. 6.Measured temperature and system clock. _cc781905-5cde-3194- bb3b-136bad5cf58d_ Technical Parámetros Alimentación Voltage : AC 220V±10% Potencia Frecuencia: 50Hz/60Hz ±1% Medición Rangecapacitancia: 5pF~200pF relativa permitividad: 1.000~30.000 dielectric dissipation factor : 0.00001~100 DC Resistividad: 2,5 MΩm~20 TΩm Medición Capacidad de precisión: ±(1 % de lectura+0,5 pF) relativa permitividad: ±1% lectura dielectric dissipation factor : ±(1% reading +0.0001) DC Resistividad: ±10 % lectura Resolution Relación de capacitancia: 0.01pF relativo permitividad: 0,001 dielectric dissipation factor : 0.00001 Temperatura Rango: 0~125℃ Thermometric Error: ±0,5 ℃ AC testing voltage : 500 ~ 2200V adjustable,_cc781905-5cde- 3194-bb3b-136bad5cf58d_frequency 50 HZ DC testing voltage : 0 ~ 500V adjustable Potencia Disipación: 100w Límite Dimensión: 500 mm * 360 mm * 420 mm Peso : 22kg PROBADOR DE VALOR ACIDO ( KPM OT 05 ) Ver más La acidez del aceite de transformador es una propiedad nociva. Si el aceite se vuelve ácido, el contenido de agua en el aceite se vuelve más soluble en el aceite. La acidez del aceite deteriora la propiedad de aislamiento del aislamiento de papel del devanado. La acidez acelera el proceso de oxidación del aceite. El ácido también incluye la oxidación del hierro en presencia de humedad. The acidity of transformer oil is medida de sus constituyentes ácidos de contaminantes. La acidez del aceite se expresa en mg de KOH necesarios para neutralizar el ácido presente en un gramo de aceite. Esto también se conoce como número de neutralización. KPM OT 05 es un probador de valor de ácido automático con las siguientes características: Utilidad multifunción: puede probar el valor de ácido del aceite del transformador, aceite de turbina y aceite combustible. equipado con ácido estándar y procedimientos de calibración Completamente automatico microimpresora pantalla LCD Alta precisión Operación fácil Technical Parámetro: Item Transformer oil acid value tester _cc781905-5cde-3194 -bb3b-136bad5cf58d_ Acidity_cc781905-5cde-3194 -bb3b-136bad5cf58d_of transformer oil Prueba Range 0.001~1mg KOH/g Error ≤±0.001mg KOH/g Repetibilidad ≤0.002mg KOH/g Temperatura 10°c~45°c Humedad ≤85 % de HR Alimentación Supply CA 220 V/50 HZ Potencia 500W PROBADOR DE VALOR ACIDO ( KPM OT 05 ) Ver más La acidez del aceite de transformador es una propiedad nociva. Si el aceite se vuelve ácido, el contenido de agua en el aceite se vuelve más soluble en el aceite. La acidez del aceite deteriora la propiedad de aislamiento del aislamiento de papel del devanado. La acidez acelera el proceso de oxidación del aceite. El ácido también incluye la oxidación del hierro en presencia de humedad. The acidity of transformer oil is medida de sus constituyentes ácidos de contaminantes. La acidez del aceite se expresa en mg de KOH necesarios para neutralizar el ácido presente en un gramo de aceite. Esto también se conoce como número de neutralización. KPM OT 05 es un probador de valor de ácido automático con las siguientes características: Utilidad multifunción: puede probar el valor de ácido del aceite del transformador, aceite de turbina y aceite combustible. equipado con ácido estándar y procedimientos de calibración Completamente automatico microimpresora pantalla LCD Alta precisión Operación fácil Technical Parámetro: Item Transformer oil acid value tester _cc781905-5cde-3194 -bb3b-136bad5cf58d_ Acidity_cc781905-5cde-3194 -bb3b-136bad5cf58d_of transformer oil Prueba Range 0.001~1mg KOH/g Error ≤±0.001mg KOH/g Repetibilidad ≤0.002mg KOH/g Temperatura 10°c~45°c Humedad ≤85 % de HR Alimentación Supply CA 220 V/50 HZ Potencia 500W PROBADOR DE VALOR ACIDO ( KPM OT 05 ) Ver más La acidez del aceite de transformador es una propiedad nociva. Si el aceite se vuelve ácido, el contenido de agua en el aceite se vuelve más soluble en el aceite. La acidez del aceite deteriora la propiedad de aislamiento del aislamiento de papel del devanado. La acidez acelera el proceso de oxidación del aceite. El ácido también incluye la oxidación del hierro en presencia de humedad. The acidity of transformer oil is medida de sus constituyentes ácidos de contaminantes. La acidez del aceite se expresa en mg de KOH necesarios para neutralizar el ácido presente en un gramo de aceite. Esto también se conoce como número de neutralización. KPM OT 05 es un probador de valor de ácido automático con las siguientes características: Utilidad multifunción: puede probar el valor de ácido del aceite del transformador, aceite de turbina y aceite combustible. equipado con ácido estándar y procedimientos de calibración Completamente automatico microimpresora pantalla LCD Alta precisión Operación fácil Technical Parámetro: Item Transformer oil acid value tester _cc781905-5cde-3194 -bb3b-136bad5cf58d_ Acidity_cc781905-5cde-3194 -bb3b-136bad5cf58d_of transformer oil Prueba Range 0.001~1mg KOH/g Error ≤±0.001mg KOH/g Repetibilidad ≤0.002mg KOH/g Temperatura 10°c~45°c Humedad ≤85 % de HR Alimentación Supply CA 220 V/50 HZ Potencia 500W PROBADOR DEL PUNTO DE INFLAMACIÓN (KPM OT 01) Ver más El probador de punto de inflamación de aceite de transformador de copa cerrada KPM OT 01 es un probador automático de punto de inflamación cerrado. Se utiliza para medir el punto de inflamación abierto y cerrado de productos derivados del petróleo. Parámetros técnicos-: 1. Medición de temperatura Rango de medición de temperatura: -59,9 °C~299,9 °C Rango de control de temperatura: temperatura ambiente ~ 300 ° C Repetibilidad: 0.025X (x = valor promedio de prueba dos veces sucesivas) Resolución: 0.1°C Precisión: 0,5% Sensor de temperatura: resistencia de platino (PT100) Sensor de fuego relámpago: anillo de detección de iones 2. Temperatura ambiente: 0 ~ 40 °C 3. Humedad relativa: ≤ 85 % de humedad relativa 4. Fuente de alimentación: AC220V ± 20%; 50Hz ± 10% 5. Consumo de energía: aproximadamente 400W KARL FISCHER (KPM OT 02) Ver más Valorador Karl Fischer KPM OT 02 is suitable in determining water content in_cc781905-5cde-3194- bb3b-136bad5cf58d_the liquid petroleum products by titration using_cc781905- 5cde-3194-bb3b-136bad5cf58d_Karl Fischer reagent. It adopts a microprocessor for control, so_cc781905-5cde- 3194-bb3b-136bad5cf58d_it has characteristics of rapid determination speed, high precision, LCD display, and automatic print. It_cc781905-5cde-3194- bb3b-136bad5cf58d_also has function of self-diagnostics, menu_cc781905-5cde- 3194-bb3b-136bad5cf58d_selection. It is a multifunctional, convenient, and automatic analysis_cc781905-5cde-3194-bb3b5-cf58d_instrumento. Titulador volumétrico de humedad Karl Fischer Technical parameters: 1 Method Karl Fischer Coulometric Titrator_cc781905-5cde-3194-bb3b- 136bad5cf58d_Principio 2 Tipo Portátil 3 Medición Range 0ug-100mg 4 Resolución 0.1ug 5 the Largest Electrolytic Speed 40_cc781905-5cde-3194-bb3b- 136bad5cf58d_ug/s 6 Power Supply Voltage AC220V ±20%(_cc781905-5cde -3194-bb3b-136bad5cf58d_personalización) 7 Mayor power 30w 8 Work Temperature 10~35℃ 9 Trabajo Humedad ≤85 % 10 Dimensiones 320*240*150mm 11 Peso 5kg TAN DELTA DE ACEITE ( KPM OTD 01 ) Ver más KPM OTD01 is used for measuring dielectric dissipation_cc781905 -5cde-3194-bb3b-136bad5cf58d_factor and DC resistivity of insulating oil_cc781905 -5cde-3194-bb3b-136bad5cf58d_and other aislantes líquidos._cc781905-5cde-3194-bb3b5cf-1586d_bad KPM OTD01 en un probador de resistividad y pérdida dieléctrica de aceite aislante de limpieza automática 1.Oil cup is cleaned automatically and_cc781905-5cde-3194-bb3b- 136bad5cf58d_has electrode calibración función._cc781905-5cde-31936-bad3bcf-5 2. Internal standard capacitor electrode type_cc781905-5cde-3194-bb3b- 136bad5cf58d_condensador,con electrode spacing 2mm. 3.Large-screen LCD,backlight, display is clear._cc781905-5cde-3194-bb3b- 136malo5cf58d_ 4.More accurate. Testing AC power supply_cc781905-5cde-3194- bb3b-136bad5cf58d_adopts AC - DC -_cc781905-5cde-3194 -bb3b-136bad5cf58d_AC conversion method. 5.Equipped with overvoltage, overcurrent and limit_cc781905-5cde-3194- bb3b-136bad5cf58d_ protecciones. 6.Measured temperature and system clock. _cc781905-5cde-3194- bb3b-136bad5cf58d_ Technical Parámetros Alimentación Voltage : AC 220V±10% Potencia Frecuencia: 50Hz/60Hz ±1% Medición Rangecapacitancia: 5pF~200pF relativa permitividad: 1.000~30.000 dielectric dissipation factor : 0.00001~100 DC Resistividad: 2,5 MΩm~20 TΩm Medición Capacidad de precisión: ±(1 % de lectura+0,5 pF) relativa permitividad: ±1% lectura dielectric dissipation factor : ±(1% reading +0.0001) DC Resistividad: ±10 % lectura Resolution Relación de capacitancia: 0.01pF relativo permitividad: 0,001 dielectric dissipation factor : 0.00001 Temperatura Rango: 0~125℃ Thermometric Error: ±0,5 ℃ AC testing voltage : 500 ~ 2200V adjustable,_cc781905-5cde- 3194-bb3b-136bad5cf58d_frequency 50 HZ DC testing voltage : 0 ~ 500V adjustable Potencia Disipación: 100w Límite Dimensión: 500 mm * 360 mm * 420 mm Peso : 22kg PROBADOR DE VALOR ACIDO ( KPM OT 05 ) Ver más La acidez del aceite de transformador es una propiedad nociva. Si el aceite se vuelve ácido, el contenido de agua en el aceite se vuelve más soluble en el aceite. La acidez del aceite deteriora la propiedad de aislamiento del aislamiento de papel del devanado. La acidez acelera el proceso de oxidación del aceite. El ácido también incluye la oxidación del hierro en presencia de humedad. The acidity of transformer oil is medida de sus constituyentes ácidos de contaminantes. La acidez del aceite se expresa en mg de KOH necesarios para neutralizar el ácido presente en un gramo de aceite. Esto también se conoce como número de neutralización. KPM OT 05 es un probador de valor de ácido automático con las siguientes características: Utilidad multifunción: puede probar el valor de ácido del aceite del transformador, aceite de turbina y aceite combustible. equipado con ácido estándar y procedimientos de calibración Completamente automatico microimpresora pantalla LCD Alta precisión Operación fácil Technical Parámetro: Item Transformer oil acid value tester _cc781905-5cde-3194 -bb3b-136bad5cf58d_ Acidity_cc781905-5cde-3194 -bb3b-136bad5cf58d_of transformer oil Prueba Range 0.001~1mg KOH/g Error ≤±0.001mg KOH/g Repetibilidad ≤0.002mg KOH/g Temperatura 10°c~45°c Humedad ≤85 % de HR Alimentación Supply CA 220 V/50 HZ Potencia 500W PROBADOR DE VALOR ACIDO ( KPM OT 05 ) Ver más La acidez del aceite de transformador es una propiedad nociva. Si el aceite se vuelve ácido, el contenido de agua en el aceite se vuelve más soluble en el aceite. La acidez del aceite deteriora la propiedad de aislamiento del aislamiento de papel del devanado. La acidez acelera el proceso de oxidación del aceite. El ácido también incluye la oxidación del hierro en presencia de humedad. The acidity of transformer oil is medida de sus constituyentes ácidos de contaminantes. La acidez del aceite se expresa en mg de KOH necesarios para neutralizar el ácido presente en un gramo de aceite. Esto también se conoce como número de neutralización. KPM OT 05 es un probador de valor de ácido automático con las siguientes características: Utilidad multifunción: puede probar el valor de ácido del aceite del transformador, aceite de turbina y aceite combustible. equipado con ácido estándar y procedimientos de calibración Completamente automatico microimpresora pantalla LCD Alta precisión Operación fácil Technical Parámetro: Item Transformer oil acid value tester _cc781905-5cde-3194 -bb3b-136bad5cf58d_ Acidity_cc781905-5cde-3194 -bb3b-136bad5cf58d_of transformer oil Prueba Range 0.001~1mg KOH/g Error ≤±0.001mg KOH/g Repetibilidad ≤0.002mg KOH/g Temperatura 10°c~45°c Humedad ≤85 % de HR Alimentación Supply CA 220 V/50 HZ Potencia 500W PROBADOR DE VALOR ACIDO ( KPM OT 05 ) Ver más La acidez del aceite de transformador es una propiedad nociva. Si el aceite se vuelve ácido, el contenido de agua en el aceite se vuelve más soluble en el aceite. La acidez del aceite deteriora la propiedad de aislamiento del aislamiento de papel del devanado. La acidez acelera el proceso de oxidación del aceite. El ácido también incluye la oxidación del hierro en presencia de humedad. The acidity of transformer oil is medida de sus constituyentes ácidos de contaminantes. La acidez del aceite se expresa en mg de KOH necesarios para neutralizar el ácido presente en un gramo de aceite. Esto también se conoce como número de neutralización. KPM OT 05 es un probador de valor de ácido automático con las siguientes características: Utilidad multifunción: puede probar el valor de ácido del aceite del transformador, aceite de turbina y aceite combustible. equipado con ácido estándar y procedimientos de calibración Completamente automatico microimpresora pantalla LCD Alta precisión Operación fácil Technical Parámetro: Item Transformer oil acid value tester _cc781905-5cde-3194 -bb3b-136bad5cf58d_ Acidity_cc781905-5cde-3194 -bb3b-136bad5cf58d_of transformer oil Prueba Range 0.001~1mg KOH/g Error ≤±0.001mg KOH/g Repetibilidad ≤0.002mg KOH/g Temperatura 10°c~45°c Humedad ≤85 % de HR Alimentación Supply CA 220 V/50 HZ Potencia 500W Kit de prueba de aceite BDV (OBD 100A+) Ver más Como sugiere el nombre, el equipo de prueba Oil BDV (KPM-OBD100A+) se utiliza para medir la resistencia a la ruptura del aceite aislante. Capaz de generar 80/100 KV con impresora integrada. Agitador motorizado y programado Peso ligero 0.5KV/sec to 5KV/sec variable voltage rise as per ASTM Standards ( available in "A+"_cc781905-5cde-3194-bb3b- 136bad5cf58d_ modelos) Kit de prueba de aceite BDV (OBD 100+) Ver más Como sugiere el nombre, el juego de prueba Oil BDV (KPM-OBD 100+) se utiliza para medir la resistencia a la ruptura del aceite aislante. Capaz de generar 80/100 KV con impresora integrada. Agitador motorizado y programado Peso ligero Aumento de voltaje de 2 KV/s con planes de prueba automáticos según IEC e IS Preguntas frecuentes (FAQ) FAQ about Oil testing : 01 How to Perform a Reliable 10kV Insulation Test? A 10kV insulation resistance test is used to evaluate the dielectric strength of high-voltage equipment like transformers, motors, and cables. To perform it reliably, first de-energize and isolate the equipment, ensuring it's properly grounded. Clean terminals to remove surface contamination. Connect the insulation tester leads: One to the conductor and the other to ground. Select the 10kV test voltage on the insulation resistance tester. Begin the test and monitor resistance for 1 to 10 minutes—longer durations help identify moisture or insulation defects. Readings should be in the GΩ (giga ohm) range for healthy insulation. Apply DAR (Dielectric Absorption Ratio) or PI (Polarization Index) analysis to assess insulation aging. Ensure environmental conditions are dry and free of electrical noise for accuracy. KPM provides high-voltage insulation testers with digital displays, timer functions, and built-in safety features, ensuring accurate, safe, and standards-compliant insulation testing across utility and industrial applications. 02 Differences Between 5kV, 10kV, and 15kV Insulation Testers? The main difference between 5kV, 10kV, and 15kV insulation testers lies in their test voltage output, which determines the type of equipment they are suited for and the depth of insulation assessment they provide. 5kV testers are typically used for low to medium voltage equipment like motors, cables, and switchgear up to 25kV. 10kV testers are suitable for higher-voltage systems such as power transformers, HV motors, and cables rated up to 69kV, providing a deeper insulation profile. 15kV testers are used for critical high-voltage assets above 69kV, enabling detection of insulation weaknesses that lower voltages may miss. Higher voltage testers stress insulation more, revealing latent defects and moisture absorption. However, using too high a voltage on low-rated equipment can cause damage. KPM offers 5kV, 10kV, and 15kV insulation testers with digital readings, polarization index (PI), and DAR calculations, ideal for field diagnostics and predictive maintenance. 03 What is Karl Fischer Titration ? Explain Moisture Testing in Oil. Karl Fischer (KF) titration is a precise chemical method used to measure moisture content (water) in substances, including insulating oils, with accuracy down to parts per million (ppm). It's the preferred method for transformer oil and lubricants because even trace moisture can degrade dielectric strength, cause corrosion, or affect equipment performance. How It Works: KF titration is based on a chemical reaction where iodine reacts with water in the presence of sulfur dioxide and alcohol, using a base (often imidazole or pyridine) as a catalyst: This reaction occurs until all water is consumed. The amount of iodine used is directly proportional to the moisture present. Types of KF Titration: Volumetric KF: For water content above 1%. Common in oil testing. Coulometric KF: For ultra-low moisture (<1%), generating iodine electrochemically. Advantages: Highly accurate (1–10 ppm range). Specific to water (no interference from other volatiles). Widely accepted in ASTM D1533 for transformer oil testing. KPM supplies Karl Fischer titrators for both volumetric and coulometric methods, used in power utilities and oil testing labs to ensure insulation oils remain within safe moisture limits. 04 How to Identify Oil Contamination Using BDV Testers? Breakdown Voltage (BDV) testing is a key method to identify contamination in insulating oils used in transformers, circuit breakers, and other high-voltage equipment. A BDV tester applies a gradually increasing AC voltage to a sample of insulating oil placed between two standard electrodes. Clean, dry oil has high dielectric strength and resists electrical breakdown. However, the presence of moisture, dissolved gases, carbon particles, or sludge lowers the breakdown voltage significantly. Typically, good transformer oil should withstand 30 kV or more in a 2.5 mm electrode gap. A low BDV reading (e.g., below 20 kV) suggests contamination. Multiple test cycles (usually 5–6) help eliminate anomalies and confirm consistency. KPM provides automated and manual BDV testers with features like automatic voltage ramping, stirrers for even testing, digital displays, and built-in standards (IEC 60156, ASTM D1816), ensuring accurate detection of oil contamination and timely maintenance planning. 05 What is Viscosity and Pour Point in Transformer Oils? Viscosity is the measure of a fluid's resistance to flow. In transformer oils, optimal viscosity is crucial for: Heat transfer: Low viscosity allows better circulation and cooling. Lubrication: Protects internal parts from wear. Pump efficiency: Thinner oil reduces mechanical stress on pumps. High viscosity at low temperatures can hinder oil movement, reducing cooling and increasing risk of overheating. Transformer oils typically have a viscosity range of 8–12 cSt at 40°C, as per IEC and ASTM standards. Pour Point: Pour point is the lowest temperature at which oil still flows. It indicates how oil behaves in cold environments. A low pour point ensures the oil remains pumpable and circulates properly during cold starts or winter operation. A good transformer oil has a pour point below -30°C, as per ASTM D97 or ISO 3016. KPM provides viscosity and pour point testing kits and services compliant with ASTM D445 and D97, ensuring transformer oil meets safety and performance standards. 06 What is Flash Point Testing? What are its Safety Standards and Applications? Flash point testing determines the lowest temperature at which a liquid emits enough vapor to ignite in the presence of an ignition source. It is a critical parameter for assessing the fire and explosion risk of flammable and combustible liquids such as fuels, lubricants, and transformer oils. This test ensures the safe handling, storage, and transportation of these substances. Globally recognized standards such as ASTM D93 (Pensky-Martens Closed Cup), ISO 2719, and ASTM D56 (Tag Closed Tester) provide standardized methods to ensure consistency and safety. Applications span industries like petrochemicals, energy, pharmaceuticals, and aviation, where accurate flash point data is essential for risk assessments, regulatory compliance, and material classification. KPM ensures strict adherence to international safety standards by offering flash point testers that comply with ASTM D93, ISO 2719, and related norms. KPM’s equipment features precision temperature control, sealed test chambers, and automation to eliminate user error. These instruments are calibrated and validated regularly to maintain measurement integrity. Additionally, KPM provides comprehensive support, including training and servicing, to ensure customers conduct testing safely and accurately. By aligning with global testing protocols, KPM plays a key role in advancing operational safety and regulatory compliance across 07 What is Oil Tan Delta? Also understanding Dielectric Loss. Tan Delta, also known as the dissipation factor, is a key parameter used to evaluate the dielectric loss in insulating oils. It represents the ratio of the resistive current to the capacitive current within the oil when subjected to an alternating electrical field. It measures the inefficiency or energy loss in the insulation system when subjected to an alternating electric field. A low Tan Delta value indicates good insulation quality with minimal dielectric loss, while a high value suggests aging, moisture contamination, or deterioration of the insulating oil. Tan delta testing is a crucial diagnostic tool for assessing the health of insulating oil. By understanding the relationship between tan delta, dielectric loss, and the condition of the oil, maintenance professionals can take steps to ensure the reliable and safe operation of electrical equipment. KPM offers advanced Tan Delta testing instruments that comply with IEC and ASTM standards. These kits provide accurate, real-time results with user-friendly operation and robust design. KPM also offers expert support, calibration, and on-site testing services to help utilities maintain insulation health effectively. 08 What are the Best Practices in Oil Sampling and Analysis? Accurate oil sampling and analysis are vital for assessing the condition of insulating oils used in transformers and other high-voltage equipment. Key best practices include taking samples from the correct location (ideally turbulent flow areas, upstream of filters, and not from drain plugs), at the right time (when the machine is running and under normal load), and with proper techniques (using clean equipment, avoiding contamination, and labeling samples accurately). Best practices include taking samples from live equipment using clean, dry, and airtight glass or metal containers to avoid contamination. Sampling should be done from designated sampling valves, ideally after allowing sufficient oil flow to flush impurities. Samples must be labeled clearly with details like equipment ID, location, date, and temperature. Proper analysis involves tests for moisture content, dielectric strength, acidity, interfacial tension, Tan Delta, and dissolved gas analysis (DGA), offering insights into oil aging, contamination, and equipment health. KPM provides a full range of oil testing instruments, including BDV testers, moisture analyzers (Karl Fischer), and Tan Delta kits, all adhering to IEC/ASTM standards. KPM also offers oil sampling kits, training, and onsite testing services, ensuring reliable diagnostics and extending asset life. 09 How to Interpret Insulation Resistance Test Results? Insulation resistance (IR) testing assesses the quality of insulation in electrical equipment by measuring its resistance to current flow. IR testing helps detect insulation weaknesses before they lead to equipment failure, short circuits, or electrical shocks. The test measures the resistance between conductors (e.g., wires) or between a conductor and ground, indicating how well the insulation is preventing current leakage. Interpreting these results involves understanding the expected values, identifying trends, and recognizing factors that can affect the readings. A high insulation resistance (in the megaohms or higher) generally indicates good insulation, while low readings suggest potential problems like moisture, contamination, or damage.. It is typically conducted using a megohmmeter at voltages like 500V, 1kV, or 5kV. Higher resistance values (in megaohms or gigaohms) indicate good insulation, while lower values suggest moisture ingress, dirt, or insulation deterioration. Acceptable IR values vary by equipment type, but a general rule is 1 MΩ per kV of operating voltage, with time-based readings (1 min, 10 min) used to calculate the polarization index (PI). A PI > 2 indicates good insulation; < 1.5 may signal problems. KPM offers reliable insulation resistance testers with digital displays, automatic PI/ DAR calculation, and high-voltage test capabilities (up to 20kV). Compliant with IEC and IEEE standards, KPM’s instruments ensure precise diagnosis. KPM also provides training and expert support to help customers accurately interpret IR results for preventive maintenance and asset safety. 10 What is Electrical Oil Testing According to ASTM/IEC Standards? Electrical insulating oils play a critical role in cooling and insulating transformers, circuit breakers, and other high-voltage equipment. Electrical oil testing, particularly for transformer oil, is crucial for assessing its performance and detecting potential issues. Various ASTM and IEC standards govern these tests, ensuring consistent and reliable results. These standards cover a range of properties like dielectric breakdown voltage, acidity, moisture content, and more. Key ASTM and IEC Standards for Electrical Oil Testing: 1. Dielectric Breakdown Voltage: IEC 60156: Specifies the method for determining the dielectric breakdown voltage of insulating liquids at power frequency. This test is vital for assessing the oil's ability to withstand electrical stress. ASTM D877: Another standard for determining dielectric breakdown voltage, using disk electrodes. ASTM D1816: Uses VDE electrodes for the same purpose. 2. Moisture Content: IEC 60814: Specifies the method for determining the water content in insulating liquids. 3. Acidity (Neutralization Value): IEC 62021-1: Provides the standard for determining the acidity of insulating liquids. 4. Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA): While not explicitly mentioned in the provided context, DGA is a crucial test for identifying potential problems like overheating or arcing within a transformer. 5. Other Important Tests: IEC 60422: Covers various aspects of insulating oil, including appearance, color rating, and sludge content. ASTM D1500: Specifies the method for determining the color of petroleum products. Interfacial Tension (ASTM D971): Indicates the presence of soluble contaminants. Resistivity (IEC 60247): Measures the oil's ability to resist electrical current flow. Dissipation Factor (IEC 60247): Indicates the energy loss in the oil due to dielectric losses. Flash Point (ASTM D92, ASTM D93): Determines the temperature at which the oil will ignite. Pour Point (ASTM D97): Indicates the lowest temperature at which the oil will flow. Viscosity (ASTM D445): Measures the oil's resistance to flow. KPM provides a comprehensive range of oil testing instruments aligned with ASTM and IEC standards. These include BDV testers, Tan Delta analyzers, moisture testers. KPM also offers calibration, on-line testing, and training services, ensuring users maintain transformer health and meet regulatory requirements effectively. 11 How to measure oil density and what are its implications? Oil density is the mass per unit volume (typically expressed in kg/m³ or g/cm³) and is a key parameter in evaluating the quality and type of insulating oils used in transformers and electrical equipment. Measuring oil density helps in determining its composition, potential uses, and potential for refining into various products like gasoline, diesel, or asphalt. Changes in oil density can indicate contamination, degradation, or improper formulation, affecting cooling efficiency, dielectric strength, and compatibility with equipment materials. Accurate density measurement is essential during oil processing, quality checks, and routine maintenance. It is often performed at a standard reference temperature (usually 15°C or 20°C) using digital density meters or hydrometers, in line with ASTM D4052 or ISO 12185 standards. KPM offers precise digital density meters and oil analysis kits compliant with international standards. These tools are designed for ease of use, fast operation, and high accuracy. With additional support like calibration services and technical guidance, KPM ensures reliable oil density measurement, aiding customers in maintaining transformer performance and operational safety. 12 What are the Early Warning Signs from Your Oil Particle Counter? An oil particle counter detects and quantifies solid contaminants in insulating oil, providing early warning signs of equipment wear, insulation breakdown, or external contamination. Key indicators include: Rising Particle Counts: A sudden increase in particles, especially >4µm or >6µm, can signal insulation aging, arcing, or mechanical wear. Shift in Particle Size Distribution: A higher concentration of larger particles may indicate internal component failure. Exceeding ISO 4406 Cleanliness Codes: Values outside acceptable limits suggest a decline in oil cleanliness, potentially leading to reduced dielectric strength and accelerated aging. Regular monitoring allows for trend analysis, helping prevent failures before they occur. KPM provides portable and lab-grade oil particle counters aligned with ISO 4406 and NAS 1638 standards. These instruments offer accurate, real-time data for critical decision-making. Combined with expert support and service, KPM enables power utilities and industries to ensure oil cleanliness and extend equipment lifespan. 13 What is the use of online partial discharge (PD) monitoring of panels using TEV and contact ultrasonic methods? Online partial discharge monitoring of medium-voltage and high-voltage panels using TEV (Transient Earth Voltage) and contact ultrasonic methods is used to detect and localize internal insulation defects and surface discharges without shutting down the equipment. Here's how each method contributes: 1. TEV (Transient Earth Voltage) Method Use: Detects internal PD activity, especially within air-insulated switchgear (AIS) and cable terminations inside metal-clad panels. How it works? When PD occurs inside enclosed metal-clad gear, it emits fast-rising electromagnetic pulses that induce transient voltages on the metal surfaces. TEV sensors pick up these signals from outside the panel. Benefit: Non-invasive, detects internal voids, tracking, and corona effects. 2. Contact Ultrasonic Method Use: Detects surface discharges, such as corona or tracking, which emit high-frequency acoustic signals. How it works? A piezoelectric sensor placed on the panel surface detects ultrasonic noise generated by PD activity, even through the enclosure. Benefit: Helps locate poor insulation, loose connections, or contamination issues causing discharge on the surface. Combined Use – Why It Matters? Using both TEV and ultrasonic methods together enhances diagnostic accuracy: TEV gives insight into internal discharge severity and location. Ultrasonic confirms surface or near-surface PD sources and allows cross-verification. This dual-method approach is vital for: Preventive maintenance, Avoiding insulation failures, Improving switchgear reliability, and Extending equipment life without needing shutdowns.

KPM India |We are electrical test equipment manufacturers, We deal in CT PT Analyzer, Relay Test Kit , Tan delta , Transformer Test Kits , LA Testers etc.|Voltage Regulator (ContactType) |https://kpmtek.wixsite.com/website/es/voltageregulator-contacttype Regulador de voltaje (tipo de contacto)

Advanced meter test kits by KPM for precise energy meter testing, calibration, and performance verification. Prueba de medidor de energía Referencia de medidor de energía trifásico - MT 3000D TA 3000D El MT 3000D es un medidor de energía trifásico portátil de última generación para probar y calibrar medidores de energía. MT3000D es un dispositivo ligero y fácil de usar. MT 3000D viene en dos opciones de precisión (0,05 % y 0,1 %) MT3000D es una unidad todo en uno con las siguientes funcionalidades Prueba de conexión incorrecta automática Prueba de razón Prueba armónica Prueba de precisión del medidor (0,05/1 clase) Imprimir informe TA 3000B El calibrador in situ del medidor de kWh trifásico portátil se utiliza para calibrar el medidor de energía activa o reactiva trifásico, monofásico en funcionamiento, y también se puede usar como medidor de voltaje, corriente y potencia para medir el parámetro de CA de la línea de alimentación trifásica , también puede medir el factor de distorsión de onda y 2 a 63 veces harmonic wave. Tiene las siguientes caracteristicas: •Adoptar procesador ARM de 32 bits, convertidor A/D de precisión de 16 bits multicanal, LCD TFT de alta resolución. •Interior equipado con transformador de corriente de amplio rango de 0,01% y puede equiparse con varios tipos de pinzas amperimétricas, amplio rango de medida y alta veracidad. • Diseño de circuito de bajo consumo, suministro de batería Li de alta energía, software de administración de energía intelectual, que hacen que el instrumento pueda funcionar continuamente hasta 10 horas Prueba de medidor de energía monofásico Referencia Catálogo EMR 1 es un medidor de energía monofásico portátil de última generación para probar y calibrar medidores de energía . EMR 1 es un dispositivo ligero y fácil de usar. EMR 1 viene con accuracy of 0.3% Especificaciones 1. Pruebe los errores del medidor sin desconectar la fuente de alimentación. 2. Caja de carga ficticia opcional 3. Certificado: ISO 9001 Características Caja de molde de plástico especial, peso ligero y fácil de transportar, pantalla LCD Mide voltaje, corriente, potencia. factor de potencia de fase sin desconectar el circuito de potencia Pruebe el error positivo/negativo del medidor monofásico sin desconectar el circuito de alimentación Abrazadera de corriente ancha sonó: 0.5-100A Amplio rango de voltaje de trabajo: AC180 - 250V Fuente de alimentación suministrada directamente por cable de prueba de voltaje Salida de pulso de energía de alta y baja frecuencia. Fácil de enviar y probar Muestreo por cabezal de escaneo, pulso de entrada directa del medidor electrónico o calibración manual del interruptor Se puede conectar con la caja de carga de corriente externa y soportar la carga simulada Prueba de medidor de energía monofásico Referencia Catálogo EMR 1 es un medidor de energía monofásico portátil de última generación para probar y calibrar medidores de energía . EMR 1 es un dispositivo ligero y fácil de usar. EMR 1 viene con accuracy of 0.3% Especificaciones 1. Pruebe los errores del medidor sin desconectar la fuente de alimentación. 2. Caja de carga ficticia opcional 3. Certificado: ISO 9001 Características Caja de molde de plástico especial, peso ligero y fácil de transportar, pantalla LCD Mide voltaje, corriente, potencia. factor de potencia de fase sin desconectar el circuito de potencia Pruebe el error positivo/negativo del medidor monofásico sin desconectar el circuito de alimentación Abrazadera de corriente ancha sonó: 0.5-100A Amplio rango de voltaje de trabajo: AC180 - 250V Fuente de alimentación suministrada directamente por cable de prueba de voltaje Salida de pulso de energía de alta y baja frecuencia. Fácil de enviar y probar Muestreo por cabezal de escaneo, pulso de entrada directa del medidor electrónico o calibración manual del interruptor Se puede conectar con la caja de carga de corriente externa y soportar la carga simulada Prueba de medidor de energía monofásico Referencia Catálogo EMR 1 es un medidor de energía monofásico portátil de última generación para probar y calibrar medidores de energía . EMR 1 es un dispositivo ligero y fácil de usar. EMR 1 viene con accuracy of 0.3% Especificaciones 1. Pruebe los errores del medidor sin desconectar la fuente de alimentación. 2. Caja de carga ficticia opcional 3. Certificado: ISO 9001 Características Caja de molde de plástico especial, peso ligero y fácil de transportar, pantalla LCD Mide voltaje, corriente, potencia. factor de potencia de fase sin desconectar el circuito de potencia Pruebe el error positivo/negativo del medidor monofásico sin desconectar el circuito de alimentación Abrazadera de corriente ancha sonó: 0.5-100A Amplio rango de voltaje de trabajo: AC180 - 250V Fuente de alimentación suministrada directamente por cable de prueba de voltaje Salida de pulso de energía de alta y baja frecuencia. Fácil de enviar y probar Muestreo por cabezal de escaneo, pulso de entrada directa del medidor electrónico o calibración manual del interruptor Se puede conectar con la caja de carga de corriente externa y soportar la carga simulada Preguntas frecuentes (FAQ) FAQ about Energy meter testing : 01 What is the purpose of reference testing in energy meter calibration? The purpose of reference testing in energy meter calibration is to verify and ensure the accuracy of the energy meter by comparing its measurements against a highly precise and traceable standard—called the reference meter or standard. This process identifies any measurement errors or deviations in the energy meter under test, allowing for correction or adjustment to meet specified accuracy classes. Reference testing helps maintain measurement reliability, billing fairness, and compliance with industry standards. 02 How is the accuracy class of an energy meter determined during calibration? The accuracy class of an energy meter is determined by evaluating its measurement error under a range of standardized test conditions during calibration. This involves comparing the meter’s energy readings against those of a highly accurate reference standard meter over a set period and at various load levels and power factors. The calibration process typically tests the meter at multiple points such as: Light load (e.g., 10% of rated current) Medium load (e.g., 50% of rated current) Full load (100% of rated current) Additionally, measurements are taken at different power factors, including unity (1.0), lagging (inductive), and leading (capacitive) conditions, to simulate real operating scenarios. At each test point, the percentage error is calculated by comparing the meter’s recorded energy to that of the reference meter. The accuracy class is assigned based on whether these errors stay within the maximum allowable limits defined by standards such as IEC 62053 or ANSI C12.20. For example, a Class 1.0 meter must not exceed ±1% error under these conditions. Consistent performance across all test points confirms the meter’s accuracy class, ensuring it meets the required precision for billing or monitoring applications. 03 Do you know the common standards and regulations followed for energy meter calibration? What are the common standards and regulations followed for energy meter calibration? Energy meter calibration is governed by international and regional standards to ensure accuracy, reliability, and uniformity. The most widely followed standards include: IEC 62053 series: International standards specifying performance and accuracy requirements for different classes of electricity meters (e.g., IEC 62053-21 for static meters, IEC 62053-22 for active energy meters, and IEC 62053-23 for reactive energy meters). IEC 60521 and IEC 60522: Standards covering calibration methods and testing procedures for electric meters. ANSI C12 series: North American standards, such as ANSI C12.20, that define accuracy classes and testing protocols for electric meters. OIML R46: International recommendation by the International Organization of Legal Metrology outlining accuracy requirements and test procedures for electricity meters used in billing. National regulations: Many countries have their own legal metrology regulations and certification requirements to ensure meters used for billing comply with local laws. 04 Do you know which equipment is used as a reference standard during energy meter calibration? The reference standard in energy meter calibration is a highly accurate and traceable device known as a calibration standard meter or reference meter. This equipment has a much higher precision than the meter under test, typically with an accuracy class of 0.02% or better. Common types include: Standard reference meters: Precision static energy meters designed specifically for calibration, with traceability to national or international measurement standards. Calibrated instrument transformers: High-accuracy current and voltage transformers to supply accurate test signals. Precision power sources: Devices that can generate stable and controllable voltage and current at various loads and power factors to simulate real operating conditions. Calibration benches or test rigs: Integrated setups that combine the above equipment to perform automated, controlled calibration tests. Using these reference standards ensures that the energy meter calibration is accurate, repeatable, and compliant with metrology requirements. 05 How do environmental conditions affect energy meter calibration results? Environmental factors like temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure can influence the accuracy of energy meter calibration. Temperature: Changes in temperature can affect the electrical characteristics of meter components, causing measurement drift or errors. Most calibration standards specify temperature ranges within which tests should be performed to ensure consistency. Humidity: High humidity can cause condensation or moisture ingress, impacting insulation resistance and electronic circuits, leading to inaccurate readings during calibration. Atmospheric pressure: Variations in pressure can subtly affect electrical properties, especially in sensitive equipment, although its impact is generally less significant than temperature or humidity. To minimize these effects, calibrations are ideally conducted in controlled laboratory environments with stable temperature and humidity, or environmental conditions are recorded and accounted for in the calibration report. 06 What is the difference between static and dynamic energy meter calibration? Static calibration tests the energy meter under steady-state conditions by applying fixed voltage and current values at set loads and power factors. It measures the meter’s accuracy when the electrical parameters remain constant, helping to verify basic performance and error under controlled, stable conditions. Dynamic calibration, on the other hand, evaluates the meter’s performance under varying, real-world operating conditions where voltage, current, and load fluctuate over time. It simulates actual usage patterns to assess how accurately the meter records energy during transient events, load changes, and power quality variations. While static calibration is simpler and faster, dynamic calibration provides a more comprehensive assessment of meter accuracy in practical scenarios, especially important for modern smart meters and complex electrical systems. 07 How often should energy meters be recalibrated to ensure accuracy? Energy meters should typically be recalibrated every 3 to 5 years, depending on regulatory requirements, manufacturer recommendations, and the operating environment. Frequent recalibration helps detect any drift in accuracy caused by aging, environmental factors, or mechanical wear. In critical applications or harsh conditions, more frequent recalibration may be necessary. Utilities often follow national standards or legal metrology guidelines that specify maximum intervals to maintain measurement reliability and billing fairness. 08 What is the process for checking the linearity of an energy meter? Checking the linearity of an energy meter involves verifying that the meter’s measurement error remains consistent across a wide range of loads. The process includes: Apply multiple test currents: The meter is tested at different load levels, typically ranging from low (e.g., 10% of rated current) to full load (100%) and sometimes even above. Maintain constant voltage and power factor: During each test point, voltage and power factor are kept steady to isolate the current’s effect. Record meter readings: The energy measured by the meter under test is compared against a reference standard meter at each load level. Calculate percentage error: For each load, the error percentage is calculated based on the difference between the test meter and reference meter readings. Analyze results: A linear meter will show minimal variation in error across all loads. Significant deviations indicate non-linearity, which can affect billing accuracy. This test ensures the meter accurately measures energy consumption regardless of load size, essential for fair billing and reliable performance. 09 How are errors in energy meters identified and corrected during calibration? During calibration, errors in energy meters are identified by comparing the meter’s recorded energy values to those of a highly accurate reference standard under controlled test conditions. The percentage difference between the meter reading and the reference reading reveals the magnitude and direction of the error. If errors exceed acceptable limits defined by standards, corrective actions may include: Adjustment: For mechanical meters, physical adjustments (like repositioning the dial or adjusting the braking magnet) can reduce errors. Reprogramming or firmware updates: For electronic meters, software recalibration or parameter tuning may correct measurement deviations. Component replacement: Faulty parts, such as sensors or electronic modules, may be replaced to restore accuracy. Rejecting the meter: If the errors cannot be corrected within tolerance, the meter may be deemed unfit for use. After correction, the meter is re-tested to confirm that errors now fall within the required accuracy class, ensuring reliable measurement and billing.

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Each product supplied by KPM undergoes a series of lab & field testing trials. Performance of equipment is closely monitored in rigorous field trials under stringent conditions. Once the equipment passes through these trials, then it is launched in the market .   Trust Shield is an initiative to quantify the testing outcomes. Trust shield is a way to impart transparency to customer's purchase process.  ESCUDO DE CONFIANZA DE KPM One estrella Equipo con 1 estrella Satisface por debajo del rendimiento requisitos Más de 20 pruebas de campo en condiciones del sitio Más de 100 ensayos de prueba en condiciones de laboratorio Comprobado en el mercado durante < 3 años En todos los requisitos anteriores, el rendimiento del producto se supervisa sobre la base de: Confiabilidad Repetibilidad Precisión Desempeño contra el efecto del ruido (Conectores EHV en vivo) Robustez durante el viaje, etc. dos estrella Equipo con 2 estrellas Satisface por debajo del rendimiento requisitos Más de 50 pruebas de campo en condiciones del sitio Más de 100 ensayos de prueba en condiciones de laboratorio Comprobado en el mercado durante más de 3 años En todos los requisitos anteriores, el rendimiento del producto se supervisa sobre la base de: Confiabilidad Repetibilidad Precisión Desempeño contra el efecto del ruido (Conectores EHV en vivo) Robustez durante el viaje, etc. tres estrella Equipo con 3 estrellas Satisface por debajo del rendimiento requisitos Más de 50 pruebas de campo en condiciones del sitio Más de 100 ensayos de prueba en condiciones de laboratorio Comprobado en el mercado durante más de 7 años En todos los requisitos anteriores, el rendimiento del producto se supervisa sobre la base de: Confiabilidad Repetibilidad Precisión Desempeño contra el efecto del ruido (Conectores EHV en vivo) Robustez durante el viaje, etc. CUÁL ES LA RELEVANCIA DE " TRUST SHIELD " Cada producto suministrado por KPM se somete a una serie de pruebas de laboratorio y de campo. El rendimiento del equipo se supervisa de cerca en rigurosas pruebas de campo en condiciones estrictas. Una vez que el equipo pasa por estas pruebas, se lanza al mercado. Trust Shield es una iniciativa para cuantificar los resultados de las pruebas. Trust Shield es una forma de impartir transparencia al proceso de compra del cliente. ¿Significa que 3 estrellas es mejor que 2 estrellas? Sí y no, cualquier equipo con un KPM TRUST SHIELD de 2 estrellas puede ser tan bueno como un equipo de 3 estrellas. número de ensayos de laboratorio. La calificación de estrellas de KPM TRUST SHIELD también depende del período de tiempo durante el cual el equipo funciona en el campo en términos de robustez y confiabilidad. Cualquier producto de 2 estrellas también puede caer en la calificación de 3 estrellas si funciona de manera constante durante más de 7 años.